Neonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?

Overreliance on synthetic insecticides in global agriculture is the outcome of a "pesticide treadmill," in which insecticide-induced pest resistance development and the depletion of beneficial insect populations aggravate farmers' pesticide dependencies. Examples of the pesticide trea...

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Autores principales:	Lieneke Bakker, Wopke van der Werf, Pablo Tittonell, Kris A. G. Wyckhuys, Felix J. J. A. Bianchi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Resilience Alliance 2020
Materias:	agrochemical pollution biodiversity loss farmer decision making global change insecticide dependency lock-in neonicotinoids pest management pesticide treadmill technological change Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Ecology QH540-549.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/87d53e4c779f457cac9e7718e3180bd0
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:87d53e4c779f457cac9e7718e3180bd0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:87d53e4c779f457cac9e7718e3180bd02021-12-02T18:04:53ZNeonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?1708-308710.5751/ES-11814-250326https://doaj.org/article/87d53e4c779f457cac9e7718e3180bd02020-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol25/iss3/art26/https://doaj.org/toc/1708-3087Overreliance on synthetic insecticides in global agriculture is the outcome of a "pesticide treadmill," in which insecticide-induced pest resistance development and the depletion of beneficial insect populations aggravate farmers' pesticide dependencies. Examples of the pesticide treadmill have been witnessed repeatedly over the past seven decades, prompting the question whether the rapid uptake and usage patterns of neonicotinoid insecticides and their associated environmental impact are in accordance with this recurrent phenomenon. We hypothesize a conceptual framework in which treadmills are enforced by enabling or disabling drivers within four domains: pest management decisions at the farm level, characteristics of farming landscapes, science and technology, and societal demands. These drivers then tend to create a self-enforcing pesticide "lock-in." We then analyze several post-1950s historical case studies with reference to this framework, e.g., those involving sprays of the highly hazardous DDT and methyl-parathion, in which the pesticide treadmill was initiated, sustained, and broken, and compare this with current patterns in neonicotinoid use. Historical case studies further illustrate how treadmills occur in three phases in which (i) a limited number of insecticides are routinely used, (ii) resistance development of pests results in the increased crop injury, prompting increased frequency of applications with a wider range of products, (iii) breaking out of the pesticide "lock-in" by policy change and adoption of alternative technologies that lowered chemical inputs and improved agro-ecosystem functioning. The analysis shows similarities as well as differences between neonicotinoid usage patterns and historic pesticide treadmills, and provides guidance on how to effectively avoid or dismantle pesticide treadmills in global agriculture.Lieneke BakkerWopke van der WerfPablo TittonellKris A. G. WyckhuysFelix J. J. A. BianchiResilience Alliancearticleagrochemical pollutionbiodiversity lossfarmer decision makingglobal changeinsecticide dependencylock-inneonicotinoidspest managementpesticide treadmilltechnological changeBiology (General)QH301-705.5EcologyQH540-549.5ENEcology and Society, Vol 25, Iss 3, p 26 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	agrochemical pollution biodiversity loss farmer decision making global change insecticide dependency lock-in neonicotinoids pest management pesticide treadmill technological change Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Ecology QH540-549.5
spellingShingle	agrochemical pollution biodiversity loss farmer decision making global change insecticide dependency lock-in neonicotinoids pest management pesticide treadmill technological change Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Ecology QH540-549.5 Lieneke Bakker Wopke van der Werf Pablo Tittonell Kris A. G. Wyckhuys Felix J. J. A. Bianchi Neonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?
description	Overreliance on synthetic insecticides in global agriculture is the outcome of a "pesticide treadmill," in which insecticide-induced pest resistance development and the depletion of beneficial insect populations aggravate farmers' pesticide dependencies. Examples of the pesticide treadmill have been witnessed repeatedly over the past seven decades, prompting the question whether the rapid uptake and usage patterns of neonicotinoid insecticides and their associated environmental impact are in accordance with this recurrent phenomenon. We hypothesize a conceptual framework in which treadmills are enforced by enabling or disabling drivers within four domains: pest management decisions at the farm level, characteristics of farming landscapes, science and technology, and societal demands. These drivers then tend to create a self-enforcing pesticide "lock-in." We then analyze several post-1950s historical case studies with reference to this framework, e.g., those involving sprays of the highly hazardous DDT and methyl-parathion, in which the pesticide treadmill was initiated, sustained, and broken, and compare this with current patterns in neonicotinoid use. Historical case studies further illustrate how treadmills occur in three phases in which (i) a limited number of insecticides are routinely used, (ii) resistance development of pests results in the increased crop injury, prompting increased frequency of applications with a wider range of products, (iii) breaking out of the pesticide "lock-in" by policy change and adoption of alternative technologies that lowered chemical inputs and improved agro-ecosystem functioning. The analysis shows similarities as well as differences between neonicotinoid usage patterns and historic pesticide treadmills, and provides guidance on how to effectively avoid or dismantle pesticide treadmills in global agriculture.
format	article
author	Lieneke Bakker Wopke van der Werf Pablo Tittonell Kris A. G. Wyckhuys Felix J. J. A. Bianchi
author_facet	Lieneke Bakker Wopke van der Werf Pablo Tittonell Kris A. G. Wyckhuys Felix J. J. A. Bianchi
author_sort	Lieneke Bakker
title	Neonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?
title_short	Neonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?
title_full	Neonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?
title_fullStr	Neonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?
title_full_unstemmed	Neonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?
title_sort	neonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?
publisher	Resilience Alliance
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/87d53e4c779f457cac9e7718e3180bd0
work_keys_str_mv	AT lienekebakker neonicotinoidsinglobalagricultureevidenceforanewpesticidetreadmill AT wopkevanderwerf neonicotinoidsinglobalagricultureevidenceforanewpesticidetreadmill AT pablotittonell neonicotinoidsinglobalagricultureevidenceforanewpesticidetreadmill AT krisagwyckhuys neonicotinoidsinglobalagricultureevidenceforanewpesticidetreadmill AT felixjjabianchi neonicotinoidsinglobalagricultureevidenceforanewpesticidetreadmill
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Neonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?

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