Evolution of Old World Equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade

Abstract Evolution of the genus Equus has been a matter of long debate with a multitude of hypotheses. Currently, there is no consensus on either the taxonomic content nor phylogeny of Equus. Some hypotheses segregate Equus species into three genera, Plesippus, Allohippus and Equus. Also, the evolut...

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Autores principales:	Omar Cirilli, Luca Pandolfi, Lorenzo Rook, Raymond L. Bernor
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/87eecaf24e0f4587bbef57e5f24ced41
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:87eecaf24e0f4587bbef57e5f24ced412021-12-02T17:15:22ZEvolution of Old World Equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade10.1038/s41598-021-89440-92045-2322https://doaj.org/article/87eecaf24e0f4587bbef57e5f24ced412021-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89440-9https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Evolution of the genus Equus has been a matter of long debate with a multitude of hypotheses. Currently, there is no consensus on either the taxonomic content nor phylogeny of Equus. Some hypotheses segregate Equus species into three genera, Plesippus, Allohippus and Equus. Also, the evolutionary role of European Pleistocene Equus stenonis in the origin of the zebra-ass clade has been debated. Studies based on skull, mandible and dental morphology suggest an evolutionary relationship between North American Pliocene E. simplicidens and European and African Pleistocene Equus. In this contribution, we assess the validity of the genera Plesippus, Allohippus and Equus by cladistic analysis combined with morphological and morphometrical comparison of cranial anatomy. Our cladistic analysis, based on cranial and postcranial elements (30 taxa, 129 characters), supports the monophyly of Equus, denies the recognition of Plesippus and Allohippus and supports the derivation of Equus grevyi and members of the zebra-ass clade from European stenonine horses. We define the following evolutionary steps directly relevant to the phylogeny of extant zebras and asses: E. simplicidens–E. stenonis–E. koobiforensis–E. grevyi -zebra-ass clade. The North American Pliocene species Equus simplicidens represents the ancestral stock of Old World Pleistocene Equus and the zebra-ass clade. Our phylogenetic results uphold the most recent genomic outputs which indicate an age of 4.0–4.5 Ma for the origin and monophyly of Equus.Omar CirilliLuca PandolfiLorenzo RookRaymond L. BernorNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Omar Cirilli Luca Pandolfi Lorenzo Rook Raymond L. Bernor Evolution of Old World Equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade
description	Abstract Evolution of the genus Equus has been a matter of long debate with a multitude of hypotheses. Currently, there is no consensus on either the taxonomic content nor phylogeny of Equus. Some hypotheses segregate Equus species into three genera, Plesippus, Allohippus and Equus. Also, the evolutionary role of European Pleistocene Equus stenonis in the origin of the zebra-ass clade has been debated. Studies based on skull, mandible and dental morphology suggest an evolutionary relationship between North American Pliocene E. simplicidens and European and African Pleistocene Equus. In this contribution, we assess the validity of the genera Plesippus, Allohippus and Equus by cladistic analysis combined with morphological and morphometrical comparison of cranial anatomy. Our cladistic analysis, based on cranial and postcranial elements (30 taxa, 129 characters), supports the monophyly of Equus, denies the recognition of Plesippus and Allohippus and supports the derivation of Equus grevyi and members of the zebra-ass clade from European stenonine horses. We define the following evolutionary steps directly relevant to the phylogeny of extant zebras and asses: E. simplicidens–E. stenonis–E. koobiforensis–E. grevyi -zebra-ass clade. The North American Pliocene species Equus simplicidens represents the ancestral stock of Old World Pleistocene Equus and the zebra-ass clade. Our phylogenetic results uphold the most recent genomic outputs which indicate an age of 4.0–4.5 Ma for the origin and monophyly of Equus.
format	article
author	Omar Cirilli Luca Pandolfi Lorenzo Rook Raymond L. Bernor
author_facet	Omar Cirilli Luca Pandolfi Lorenzo Rook Raymond L. Bernor
author_sort	Omar Cirilli
title	Evolution of Old World Equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade
title_short	Evolution of Old World Equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade
title_full	Evolution of Old World Equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade
title_fullStr	Evolution of Old World Equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade
title_full_unstemmed	Evolution of Old World Equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade
title_sort	evolution of old world equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/87eecaf24e0f4587bbef57e5f24ced41
work_keys_str_mv	AT omarcirilli evolutionofoldworldequusandoriginofthezebraassclade AT lucapandolfi evolutionofoldworldequusandoriginofthezebraassclade AT lorenzorook evolutionofoldworldequusandoriginofthezebraassclade AT raymondlbernor evolutionofoldworldequusandoriginofthezebraassclade
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Evolution of Old World Equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade

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