The mechanism of degradation of alizarin red by a white-rot fungus Trametes gibbosa

Abstract Background Alizarin red (AR) is a typical anthraquinone dye, and the resulting wastewater is toxic and difficult to remove. A study showed that the white rot fungus Trametes gibbosa (T. gibbosa) can degrade dye wastewater by decolorization and has its own enzyme-producing traits. Methods In...

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Autores principales:	Jian Zhang, Yujie Chi, Lianrong Feng
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	BMC 2021
Materias:	Transcriptome Alizarin red degradation White fungi LC–MS GC–MS Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/880e75fa191f4d3da75a91b124af0aa0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:880e75fa191f4d3da75a91b124af0aa02021-11-08T11:03:43ZThe mechanism of degradation of alizarin red by a white-rot fungus Trametes gibbosa10.1186/s12896-021-00720-81472-6750https://doaj.org/article/880e75fa191f4d3da75a91b124af0aa02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12896-021-00720-8https://doaj.org/toc/1472-6750Abstract Background Alizarin red (AR) is a typical anthraquinone dye, and the resulting wastewater is toxic and difficult to remove. A study showed that the white rot fungus Trametes gibbosa (T. gibbosa) can degrade dye wastewater by decolorization and has its own enzyme-producing traits. Methods In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed after alizarin red treatment for 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 h. The key pathways and key enzymes involved in alizarin red degradation were found to be through the analysis of KEGG and GO. The Glutathione S-transferase (GST), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase activities of T. gibbosa treated with alizarin red for 0–14 h were detected. LC–MS and GC–MS analyses of alizarin red decomposition products after 7 h and 14 h were performed. Results The glutathione metabolic pathway ko00480, and the key enzymes GST, MnP, laccase and CYP450 were selected. Most of the genes encoding these enzymes were upregulated under alizarin red conditions. The GST activity increased 1.8 times from 117.55 U/mg prot at 0 h to 217.03 U/mg prot at 14 h. The MnP activity increased 2.9 times from 6.45 to 18.55 U/L. The laccase activity increased 3.7 times from 7.22 to 27.28 U/L. Analysis of the alizarin red decolourization rate showed that the decolourization rate at 14 h reached 20.21%. The main degradation intermediates were found to be 1,4-butene diacid, phthalic acid, 1,1-diphenylethylene, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, 1,2-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, bisphenol, benzophenol-5,2-butene, acrylaldehyde, and 1-butylene, and the degradation process of AR was inferred. Overall, 1,4-butene diacid is the most important intermediate product produced by AR degradation. Conclusions The glutathione metabolic pathway was the key pathway for AR degradation. GST, MnP, laccase and CYP450 were the key enzymes for AR degradation. 1,4-butene diacid is the most important intermediate product. This study explored the process of AR biodegradation at the molecular and biochemical levels and provided a theoretical basis for its application in practical production.Jian ZhangYujie ChiLianrong FengBMCarticleTranscriptomeAlizarin red degradationWhite fungiLC–MSGC–MSBiotechnologyTP248.13-248.65ENBMC Biotechnology, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Transcriptome Alizarin red degradation White fungi LC–MS GC–MS Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
spellingShingle	Transcriptome Alizarin red degradation White fungi LC–MS GC–MS Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65 Jian Zhang Yujie Chi Lianrong Feng The mechanism of degradation of alizarin red by a white-rot fungus Trametes gibbosa
description	Abstract Background Alizarin red (AR) is a typical anthraquinone dye, and the resulting wastewater is toxic and difficult to remove. A study showed that the white rot fungus Trametes gibbosa (T. gibbosa) can degrade dye wastewater by decolorization and has its own enzyme-producing traits. Methods In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed after alizarin red treatment for 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 h. The key pathways and key enzymes involved in alizarin red degradation were found to be through the analysis of KEGG and GO. The Glutathione S-transferase (GST), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase activities of T. gibbosa treated with alizarin red for 0–14 h were detected. LC–MS and GC–MS analyses of alizarin red decomposition products after 7 h and 14 h were performed. Results The glutathione metabolic pathway ko00480, and the key enzymes GST, MnP, laccase and CYP450 were selected. Most of the genes encoding these enzymes were upregulated under alizarin red conditions. The GST activity increased 1.8 times from 117.55 U/mg prot at 0 h to 217.03 U/mg prot at 14 h. The MnP activity increased 2.9 times from 6.45 to 18.55 U/L. The laccase activity increased 3.7 times from 7.22 to 27.28 U/L. Analysis of the alizarin red decolourization rate showed that the decolourization rate at 14 h reached 20.21%. The main degradation intermediates were found to be 1,4-butene diacid, phthalic acid, 1,1-diphenylethylene, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, 1,2-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, bisphenol, benzophenol-5,2-butene, acrylaldehyde, and 1-butylene, and the degradation process of AR was inferred. Overall, 1,4-butene diacid is the most important intermediate product produced by AR degradation. Conclusions The glutathione metabolic pathway was the key pathway for AR degradation. GST, MnP, laccase and CYP450 were the key enzymes for AR degradation. 1,4-butene diacid is the most important intermediate product. This study explored the process of AR biodegradation at the molecular and biochemical levels and provided a theoretical basis for its application in practical production.
format	article
author	Jian Zhang Yujie Chi Lianrong Feng
author_facet	Jian Zhang Yujie Chi Lianrong Feng
author_sort	Jian Zhang
title	The mechanism of degradation of alizarin red by a white-rot fungus Trametes gibbosa
title_short	The mechanism of degradation of alizarin red by a white-rot fungus Trametes gibbosa
title_full	The mechanism of degradation of alizarin red by a white-rot fungus Trametes gibbosa
title_fullStr	The mechanism of degradation of alizarin red by a white-rot fungus Trametes gibbosa
title_full_unstemmed	The mechanism of degradation of alizarin red by a white-rot fungus Trametes gibbosa
title_sort	mechanism of degradation of alizarin red by a white-rot fungus trametes gibbosa
publisher	BMC
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/880e75fa191f4d3da75a91b124af0aa0
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The mechanism of degradation of alizarin red by a white-rot fungus Trametes gibbosa

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