The Influence of <i>Hop Latent Viroid</i> (HLVd) Infection on Gene Expression and Secondary Metabolite Contents in Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) Glandular Trichomes

The Influence of <i>Hop Latent Viroid</i> (HLVd) Infection on Gene Expression and Secondary Metabolite Contents in Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) Glandular Trichomes

Viroids are small infectious pathogens, composed of a short single-stranded circular RNA. Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) plants are hosts to four viroids from the family <i>Pospiviroidae</i>. Hop latent viroid (HLVd) is spread worldwide in all hop-growing regions without any...

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Autores principales: Josef Patzak, Alena Henychová, Karel Krofta, Petr Svoboda, Ivana Malířová
Formato: article
Lenguaje:EN
Publicado: MDPI AG 2021
Materias:
hop
<i>Humulus lupulus</i>
hop latent viroid
HLVd
bitter acids content
xanthohumol
Botany
QK1-989
Acceso en línea:https://doaj.org/article/88508885e3d34084995bc9fa511d4d20
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:88508885e3d34084995bc9fa511d4d202021-11-25T18:44:58ZThe Influence of <i>Hop Latent Viroid</i> (HLVd) Infection on Gene Expression and Secondary Metabolite Contents in Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) Glandular Trichomes10.3390/plants101122972223-7747https://doaj.org/article/88508885e3d34084995bc9fa511d4d202021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2297https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747Viroids are small infectious pathogens, composed of a short single-stranded circular RNA. Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) plants are hosts to four viroids from the family <i>Pospiviroidae</i>. Hop latent viroid (HLVd) is spread worldwide in all hop-growing regions without any visible symptoms on infected hop plants. In this study, we evaluated the influence of HLVd infection on the content and the composition of secondary metabolites in maturated hop cones, together with gene expression analyses of involved biosynthesis and regulation genes for Saaz, Sládek, Premiant and Agnus cultivars. We confirmed that the contents of alpha bitter acids were significantly reduced in the range from 8.8% to 34% by viroid infection. New, we found that viroid infection significantly reduced the contents of xanthohumol in the range from 3.9% to 23.5%. In essential oils of Saaz cultivar, the contents of monoterpenes, terpene epoxides and terpene alcohols were increased, but the contents of sesquiterpenes and terpene ketones were decreased. Secondary metabolites changes were supported by gene expression analyses, except essential oils. Last-step biosynthesis enzyme genes, namely humulone synthase 1 (HS1) and 2 (HS2) for alpha bitter acids and O-methytransferase 1 (OMT1) for xanthohumol, were down-regulated by viroid infection. We found that the expression of ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5) RPL5 and the splicing of transcription factor IIIA-7ZF were affected by viroid infection and a disbalance in proteosynthesis can influence transcriptions of biosynthesis and regulatory genes involved in of secondary metabolites biosynthesis. We suppose that RPL5/TFIIIA-7ZF regulatory cascade can be involved in HLVd replication as for other viroids of the family <i>Pospiviroidae</i>.Josef PatzakAlena HenychováKarel KroftaPetr SvobodaIvana MalířováMDPI AGarticlehop<i>Humulus lupulus</i>hop latent viroidHLVdbitter acids contentxanthohumolBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2297, p 2297 (2021)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic hop
<i>Humulus lupulus</i>
hop latent viroid
HLVd
bitter acids content
xanthohumol
Botany
QK1-989
spellingShingle hop
<i>Humulus lupulus</i>
hop latent viroid
HLVd
bitter acids content
xanthohumol
Botany
QK1-989
Josef Patzak
Alena Henychová
Karel Krofta
Petr Svoboda
Ivana Malířová
The Influence of <i>Hop Latent Viroid</i> (HLVd) Infection on Gene Expression and Secondary Metabolite Contents in Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) Glandular Trichomes
description Viroids are small infectious pathogens, composed of a short single-stranded circular RNA. Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) plants are hosts to four viroids from the family <i>Pospiviroidae</i>. Hop latent viroid (HLVd) is spread worldwide in all hop-growing regions without any visible symptoms on infected hop plants. In this study, we evaluated the influence of HLVd infection on the content and the composition of secondary metabolites in maturated hop cones, together with gene expression analyses of involved biosynthesis and regulation genes for Saaz, Sládek, Premiant and Agnus cultivars. We confirmed that the contents of alpha bitter acids were significantly reduced in the range from 8.8% to 34% by viroid infection. New, we found that viroid infection significantly reduced the contents of xanthohumol in the range from 3.9% to 23.5%. In essential oils of Saaz cultivar, the contents of monoterpenes, terpene epoxides and terpene alcohols were increased, but the contents of sesquiterpenes and terpene ketones were decreased. Secondary metabolites changes were supported by gene expression analyses, except essential oils. Last-step biosynthesis enzyme genes, namely humulone synthase 1 (HS1) and 2 (HS2) for alpha bitter acids and O-methytransferase 1 (OMT1) for xanthohumol, were down-regulated by viroid infection. We found that the expression of ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5) RPL5 and the splicing of transcription factor IIIA-7ZF were affected by viroid infection and a disbalance in proteosynthesis can influence transcriptions of biosynthesis and regulatory genes involved in of secondary metabolites biosynthesis. We suppose that RPL5/TFIIIA-7ZF regulatory cascade can be involved in HLVd replication as for other viroids of the family <i>Pospiviroidae</i>.
format article
author Josef Patzak
Alena Henychová
Karel Krofta
Petr Svoboda
Ivana Malířová
author_facet Josef Patzak
Alena Henychová
Karel Krofta
Petr Svoboda
Ivana Malířová
author_sort Josef Patzak
title The Influence of <i>Hop Latent Viroid</i> (HLVd) Infection on Gene Expression and Secondary Metabolite Contents in Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) Glandular Trichomes
title_short The Influence of <i>Hop Latent Viroid</i> (HLVd) Infection on Gene Expression and Secondary Metabolite Contents in Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) Glandular Trichomes
title_full The Influence of <i>Hop Latent Viroid</i> (HLVd) Infection on Gene Expression and Secondary Metabolite Contents in Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) Glandular Trichomes
title_fullStr The Influence of <i>Hop Latent Viroid</i> (HLVd) Infection on Gene Expression and Secondary Metabolite Contents in Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) Glandular Trichomes
title_full_unstemmed The Influence of <i>Hop Latent Viroid</i> (HLVd) Infection on Gene Expression and Secondary Metabolite Contents in Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) Glandular Trichomes
title_sort influence of <i>hop latent viroid</i> (hlvd) infection on gene expression and secondary metabolite contents in hop (<i>humulus lupulus</i> l.) glandular trichomes
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/88508885e3d34084995bc9fa511d4d20
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