The Assessment of Nipple Areola Complex Sensation with Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments—Normative Values and Its Covariates

Objective: To establish normative data for nipple-areola complex (NAC) sensibility examined with Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test (SWMT) and two-point discrimination (TPD) in women with varying breast sizes, including women with gigantomastia. We also aimed to identify clinical variables influenci...

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Autores principales:	Anna Kasielska-Trojan, Agata Szulia, Tomasz Zawadzki, Bogusław Antoszewski
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	breast sensation threshold two-point discrimination Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/888e8276aba643a4848a208e09dd0294
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:888e8276aba643a4848a208e09dd02942021-11-25T17:22:01ZThe Assessment of Nipple Areola Complex Sensation with Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments—Normative Values and Its Covariates10.3390/diagnostics111121452075-4418https://doaj.org/article/888e8276aba643a4848a208e09dd02942021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/11/2145https://doaj.org/toc/2075-4418Objective: To establish normative data for nipple-areola complex (NAC) sensibility examined with Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test (SWMT) and two-point discrimination (TPD) in women with varying breast sizes, including women with gigantomastia. We also aimed to identify clinical variables influencing NAC sensation. Methods: A total of 320 breasts in 160 Caucasian women (mean age 33.6 years, SD 11 years) were examined (including 50 hypertrophic breasts). NACs sensation was examined using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWM) and the Weber Two-Point Discrimination Test. Results: The nipple appeared to be the most sensitive part of NAC. In normal-sized breasts, sensation thresholds (SWM) correlated with: age, BMI, history of births, breast size and ptosis (for all locations), breastfeeding history (for nipple and upper areola) and areola diameter (for all locations apart from the nipple). Regression analysis showed that age, cup size and suprasternal notch-to-nipple distance are risk factors for diminished NAC sensation. Sensation thresholds in all NAC locations of hypertrophic breasts were significantly higher compared to normal-sized breasts, while TPD tests did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: We provided normative values of NAC sensation (tactile threshold and TPD) for different NAC areas. Our investigation indicated that SWM are useful diagnostic tools when the following factors are considered while examining NAC sensation: location (nipple vs. areola), age, breast size, suprasternal notch-to-nipple distance, history of births and breastfeeding. Hypertrophic breasts presented significantly higher sensation thresholds for all NAC locations. The report may serve as a reference data for further investigations regarding NAC sensation after different breast surgeries.Anna Kasielska-TrojanAgata SzuliaTomasz ZawadzkiBogusław AntoszewskiMDPI AGarticlebreastsensation thresholdtwo-point discriminationSemmes-Weinstein monofilamentsMedicine (General)R5-920ENDiagnostics, Vol 11, Iss 2145, p 2145 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	breast sensation threshold two-point discrimination Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	breast sensation threshold two-point discrimination Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments Medicine (General) R5-920 Anna Kasielska-Trojan Agata Szulia Tomasz Zawadzki Bogusław Antoszewski The Assessment of Nipple Areola Complex Sensation with Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments—Normative Values and Its Covariates
description	Objective: To establish normative data for nipple-areola complex (NAC) sensibility examined with Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test (SWMT) and two-point discrimination (TPD) in women with varying breast sizes, including women with gigantomastia. We also aimed to identify clinical variables influencing NAC sensation. Methods: A total of 320 breasts in 160 Caucasian women (mean age 33.6 years, SD 11 years) were examined (including 50 hypertrophic breasts). NACs sensation was examined using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWM) and the Weber Two-Point Discrimination Test. Results: The nipple appeared to be the most sensitive part of NAC. In normal-sized breasts, sensation thresholds (SWM) correlated with: age, BMI, history of births, breast size and ptosis (for all locations), breastfeeding history (for nipple and upper areola) and areola diameter (for all locations apart from the nipple). Regression analysis showed that age, cup size and suprasternal notch-to-nipple distance are risk factors for diminished NAC sensation. Sensation thresholds in all NAC locations of hypertrophic breasts were significantly higher compared to normal-sized breasts, while TPD tests did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: We provided normative values of NAC sensation (tactile threshold and TPD) for different NAC areas. Our investigation indicated that SWM are useful diagnostic tools when the following factors are considered while examining NAC sensation: location (nipple vs. areola), age, breast size, suprasternal notch-to-nipple distance, history of births and breastfeeding. Hypertrophic breasts presented significantly higher sensation thresholds for all NAC locations. The report may serve as a reference data for further investigations regarding NAC sensation after different breast surgeries.
format	article
author	Anna Kasielska-Trojan Agata Szulia Tomasz Zawadzki Bogusław Antoszewski
author_facet	Anna Kasielska-Trojan Agata Szulia Tomasz Zawadzki Bogusław Antoszewski
author_sort	Anna Kasielska-Trojan
title	The Assessment of Nipple Areola Complex Sensation with Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments—Normative Values and Its Covariates
title_short	The Assessment of Nipple Areola Complex Sensation with Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments—Normative Values and Its Covariates
title_full	The Assessment of Nipple Areola Complex Sensation with Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments—Normative Values and Its Covariates
title_fullStr	The Assessment of Nipple Areola Complex Sensation with Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments—Normative Values and Its Covariates
title_full_unstemmed	The Assessment of Nipple Areola Complex Sensation with Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments—Normative Values and Its Covariates
title_sort	assessment of nipple areola complex sensation with semmes-weinstein monofilaments—normative values and its covariates
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/888e8276aba643a4848a208e09dd0294
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The Assessment of Nipple Areola Complex Sensation with Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments—Normative Values and Its Covariates

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