Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)

Abstract Mammals typically keep their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow limit with changing environmental conditions. There are indications that some wild ungulates can exhibit certain forms of energy saving mechanisms when ambient temperatures are low and/or food is scarce. Therefore, the aim o...

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Autores principales:	Alexander Riek, Lea Brinkmann, Matthias Gauly, Jurcevic Perica, Thomas Ruf, Walter Arnold, Catherine Hambly, John R. Speakman, Martina Gerken
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2017
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/894a5225c82941138d5d4e3fdc2984d4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:894a5225c82941138d5d4e3fdc2984d42021-12-02T12:32:08ZSeasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)10.1038/s41598-017-07946-72045-2322https://doaj.org/article/894a5225c82941138d5d4e3fdc2984d42017-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07946-7https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Mammals typically keep their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow limit with changing environmental conditions. There are indications that some wild ungulates can exhibit certain forms of energy saving mechanisms when ambient temperatures are low and/or food is scarce. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine if the llama, one of the most extensively kept domestic livestock species, exhibits seasonal adjustment mechanisms in terms of energy expenditure, Tb and locomotion. For that purpose llamas (N = 7) were kept in a temperate habitat on pasture. Locomotor activity, Tb (measured in the rumen) and the location of each animal were recorded continuously for one year using a telemetry system. Daily energy expenditure was measured as field metabolic rate (FMR). FMR fluctuated considerably between seasons with the lowest values found in winter (17.48 ± 3.98 MJ d−1, 402 kJ kg−0.75 d−1) and the highest in summer (25.87 ± 3.88 MJ d−1, 586 kJ kg−0.75 d−1). Llamas adjusted their energy expenditure, Tb and locomotor activity according to season and also time of day. Thus, llamas seem to have maintained the ability to reduce their energy expenditure and adjust their Tb under adverse environmental conditions as has been reported for some wild ungulates.Alexander RiekLea BrinkmannMatthias GaulyJurcevic PericaThomas RufWalter ArnoldCatherine HamblyJohn R. SpeakmanMartina GerkenNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Alexander Riek Lea Brinkmann Matthias Gauly Jurcevic Perica Thomas Ruf Walter Arnold Catherine Hambly John R. Speakman Martina Gerken Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)
description	Abstract Mammals typically keep their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow limit with changing environmental conditions. There are indications that some wild ungulates can exhibit certain forms of energy saving mechanisms when ambient temperatures are low and/or food is scarce. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine if the llama, one of the most extensively kept domestic livestock species, exhibits seasonal adjustment mechanisms in terms of energy expenditure, Tb and locomotion. For that purpose llamas (N = 7) were kept in a temperate habitat on pasture. Locomotor activity, Tb (measured in the rumen) and the location of each animal were recorded continuously for one year using a telemetry system. Daily energy expenditure was measured as field metabolic rate (FMR). FMR fluctuated considerably between seasons with the lowest values found in winter (17.48 ± 3.98 MJ d−1, 402 kJ kg−0.75 d−1) and the highest in summer (25.87 ± 3.88 MJ d−1, 586 kJ kg−0.75 d−1). Llamas adjusted their energy expenditure, Tb and locomotor activity according to season and also time of day. Thus, llamas seem to have maintained the ability to reduce their energy expenditure and adjust their Tb under adverse environmental conditions as has been reported for some wild ungulates.
format	article
author	Alexander Riek Lea Brinkmann Matthias Gauly Jurcevic Perica Thomas Ruf Walter Arnold Catherine Hambly John R. Speakman Martina Gerken
author_facet	Alexander Riek Lea Brinkmann Matthias Gauly Jurcevic Perica Thomas Ruf Walter Arnold Catherine Hambly John R. Speakman Martina Gerken
author_sort	Alexander Riek
title	Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)
title_short	Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)
title_full	Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)
title_fullStr	Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)
title_full_unstemmed	Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)
title_sort	seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (lama glama)
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/894a5225c82941138d5d4e3fdc2984d4
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Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama)

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