Foliar herbivory increases sucrose concentration in bracteal extrafloral nectar of cotton.

Cultivated cotton, such as Gossypium hirsutum L., produces extrafloral (EF) nectar on leaves (foliar) and reproductive structures (bracteal) as an indirect anti-herbivore defense. In exchange for this carbohydrate-rich substance, predatory insects such as ants protect the plant against herbivorous i...

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Autores principales:	Cody C Gale, Pierre Lesne, Caroline Wilson, Anjel M Helms, Charles P-C Suh, Gregory A Sword
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/89a143fbeac5437d99fbb603169f55c4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:89a143fbeac5437d99fbb603169f55c42021-12-02T20:16:26ZFoliar herbivory increases sucrose concentration in bracteal extrafloral nectar of cotton.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0258836https://doaj.org/article/89a143fbeac5437d99fbb603169f55c42021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258836https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Cultivated cotton, such as Gossypium hirsutum L., produces extrafloral (EF) nectar on leaves (foliar) and reproductive structures (bracteal) as an indirect anti-herbivore defense. In exchange for this carbohydrate-rich substance, predatory insects such as ants protect the plant against herbivorous insects. Some EF nectar-bearing plants respond to herbivory by increasing EF nectar production. For instance, herbivore-free G. hirsutum produces more bracteal than foliar EF nectar, but increases its foliar EF nectar production in response to herbivory. This study is the first to test for systemically induced changes to the carbohydrate composition of bracteal EF nectar in response to foliar herbivory on G. hirsutum. We found that foliar herbivory significantly increased the sucrose content of bracteal EF nectar while glucose and fructose remained unchanged. Sucrose content is known to influence ant foraging behavior and previous studies of an herbivore-induced increase to EF nectar caloric content found that it led to increased ant activity on the plant. As a follow-up to our finding, ant recruitment to mock EF nectar solutions that varied in sucrose content was tested in the field. The ants did not exhibit any preference for either solution, potentially because sucrose is a minor carbohydrate component in G. hirsutum EF nectar: total sugar content was not significantly affected by the increase in sucrose. Nonetheless, our findings raise new questions about cotton's inducible EF nectar responses to herbivory. Further research is needed to determine whether an herbivore-induced increase in sucrose content is typical of Gossypium spp., and whether it constitutes a corollary of systemic sucrose induction, or a potentially adaptive mechanism which enhances ant attraction to the plant.Cody C GalePierre LesneCaroline WilsonAnjel M HelmsCharles P-C SuhGregory A SwordPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 10, p e0258836 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Cody C Gale Pierre Lesne Caroline Wilson Anjel M Helms Charles P-C Suh Gregory A Sword Foliar herbivory increases sucrose concentration in bracteal extrafloral nectar of cotton.
description	Cultivated cotton, such as Gossypium hirsutum L., produces extrafloral (EF) nectar on leaves (foliar) and reproductive structures (bracteal) as an indirect anti-herbivore defense. In exchange for this carbohydrate-rich substance, predatory insects such as ants protect the plant against herbivorous insects. Some EF nectar-bearing plants respond to herbivory by increasing EF nectar production. For instance, herbivore-free G. hirsutum produces more bracteal than foliar EF nectar, but increases its foliar EF nectar production in response to herbivory. This study is the first to test for systemically induced changes to the carbohydrate composition of bracteal EF nectar in response to foliar herbivory on G. hirsutum. We found that foliar herbivory significantly increased the sucrose content of bracteal EF nectar while glucose and fructose remained unchanged. Sucrose content is known to influence ant foraging behavior and previous studies of an herbivore-induced increase to EF nectar caloric content found that it led to increased ant activity on the plant. As a follow-up to our finding, ant recruitment to mock EF nectar solutions that varied in sucrose content was tested in the field. The ants did not exhibit any preference for either solution, potentially because sucrose is a minor carbohydrate component in G. hirsutum EF nectar: total sugar content was not significantly affected by the increase in sucrose. Nonetheless, our findings raise new questions about cotton's inducible EF nectar responses to herbivory. Further research is needed to determine whether an herbivore-induced increase in sucrose content is typical of Gossypium spp., and whether it constitutes a corollary of systemic sucrose induction, or a potentially adaptive mechanism which enhances ant attraction to the plant.
format	article
author	Cody C Gale Pierre Lesne Caroline Wilson Anjel M Helms Charles P-C Suh Gregory A Sword
author_facet	Cody C Gale Pierre Lesne Caroline Wilson Anjel M Helms Charles P-C Suh Gregory A Sword
author_sort	Cody C Gale
title	Foliar herbivory increases sucrose concentration in bracteal extrafloral nectar of cotton.
title_short	Foliar herbivory increases sucrose concentration in bracteal extrafloral nectar of cotton.
title_full	Foliar herbivory increases sucrose concentration in bracteal extrafloral nectar of cotton.
title_fullStr	Foliar herbivory increases sucrose concentration in bracteal extrafloral nectar of cotton.
title_full_unstemmed	Foliar herbivory increases sucrose concentration in bracteal extrafloral nectar of cotton.
title_sort	foliar herbivory increases sucrose concentration in bracteal extrafloral nectar of cotton.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/89a143fbeac5437d99fbb603169f55c4
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Foliar herbivory increases sucrose concentration in bracteal extrafloral nectar of cotton.

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