Urban Metabolism of Food-Sourced Nitrogen among Different Income Households: A Case Study Based on Large Sample Survey in Xiamen City, China

Food consumption is fundamental for urban households if they are to sustain production and daily life. Nitrogen resulting from food consumption has significantly contributed to pollutant emissions in urban ecosystems. Taking Xiamen city, a rapid urbanizing area of southeast China as a case study, we...

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Autores principales:	Li Xing, Tao Lin, Xiongzhi Xue, Jiakun Liu, Meixia Lin, Yu Zhao
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	urban metabolism structural equation model household food consumption food-sourced nitrogen environmental emissions Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/89a99caf51764b65b31de039fdf4fcdd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:89a99caf51764b65b31de039fdf4fcdd2021-11-25T17:36:20ZUrban Metabolism of Food-Sourced Nitrogen among Different Income Households: A Case Study Based on Large Sample Survey in Xiamen City, China10.3390/foods101128422304-8158https://doaj.org/article/89a99caf51764b65b31de039fdf4fcdd2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/11/2842https://doaj.org/toc/2304-8158Food consumption is fundamental for urban households if they are to sustain production and daily life. Nitrogen resulting from food consumption has significantly contributed to pollutant emissions in urban ecosystems. Taking Xiamen city, a rapid urbanizing area of southeast China as a case study, we evaluated the food-sourced nitrogen consumption of households based on a large simple onsite questionnaire survey, as well as differences between households in the consumption of plant-based and animal-based foods. A material flow analysis (MFA) was conducted to simulate the urban metabolism of food-sourced nitrogen and environmental emissions among different income groups. The impacts of household attributes, plant-based food consumption, and animal-based food consumption on environmental nitrogen emissions were examined with a structural equation model (SEM). Our results show that the surveyed households’ diets were more plant-based and less animal-based. Aquatic products and livestock were the source of 43.7% of food-sourced nitrogen, and 84.5% of the food-sourced nitrogen was discharge into the environment through direct discharge and waste treatment. Soil, water, and air emissions accounted for 62.8%, 30.1%, and 7.1% of the food-sourced nitrogen, respectively. Household income, household size, and household area are all associated with accelerating increases of nitrogen emissions released into the environment, though middle-income group households have the highest food-sourced environmental nitrogen emissions. On this basis, we discuss how to better manage the urban metabolism of food-sourced nitrogen, so as to improve urban household consumption, lower nitrogen emissions, and improve food security.Li XingTao LinXiongzhi XueJiakun LiuMeixia LinYu ZhaoMDPI AGarticleurban metabolismstructural equation modelhousehold food consumptionfood-sourced nitrogenenvironmental emissionsChemical technologyTP1-1185ENFoods, Vol 10, Iss 2842, p 2842 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	urban metabolism structural equation model household food consumption food-sourced nitrogen environmental emissions Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	urban metabolism structural equation model household food consumption food-sourced nitrogen environmental emissions Chemical technology TP1-1185 Li Xing Tao Lin Xiongzhi Xue Jiakun Liu Meixia Lin Yu Zhao Urban Metabolism of Food-Sourced Nitrogen among Different Income Households: A Case Study Based on Large Sample Survey in Xiamen City, China
description	Food consumption is fundamental for urban households if they are to sustain production and daily life. Nitrogen resulting from food consumption has significantly contributed to pollutant emissions in urban ecosystems. Taking Xiamen city, a rapid urbanizing area of southeast China as a case study, we evaluated the food-sourced nitrogen consumption of households based on a large simple onsite questionnaire survey, as well as differences between households in the consumption of plant-based and animal-based foods. A material flow analysis (MFA) was conducted to simulate the urban metabolism of food-sourced nitrogen and environmental emissions among different income groups. The impacts of household attributes, plant-based food consumption, and animal-based food consumption on environmental nitrogen emissions were examined with a structural equation model (SEM). Our results show that the surveyed households’ diets were more plant-based and less animal-based. Aquatic products and livestock were the source of 43.7% of food-sourced nitrogen, and 84.5% of the food-sourced nitrogen was discharge into the environment through direct discharge and waste treatment. Soil, water, and air emissions accounted for 62.8%, 30.1%, and 7.1% of the food-sourced nitrogen, respectively. Household income, household size, and household area are all associated with accelerating increases of nitrogen emissions released into the environment, though middle-income group households have the highest food-sourced environmental nitrogen emissions. On this basis, we discuss how to better manage the urban metabolism of food-sourced nitrogen, so as to improve urban household consumption, lower nitrogen emissions, and improve food security.
format	article
author	Li Xing Tao Lin Xiongzhi Xue Jiakun Liu Meixia Lin Yu Zhao
author_facet	Li Xing Tao Lin Xiongzhi Xue Jiakun Liu Meixia Lin Yu Zhao
author_sort	Li Xing
title	Urban Metabolism of Food-Sourced Nitrogen among Different Income Households: A Case Study Based on Large Sample Survey in Xiamen City, China
title_short	Urban Metabolism of Food-Sourced Nitrogen among Different Income Households: A Case Study Based on Large Sample Survey in Xiamen City, China
title_full	Urban Metabolism of Food-Sourced Nitrogen among Different Income Households: A Case Study Based on Large Sample Survey in Xiamen City, China
title_fullStr	Urban Metabolism of Food-Sourced Nitrogen among Different Income Households: A Case Study Based on Large Sample Survey in Xiamen City, China
title_full_unstemmed	Urban Metabolism of Food-Sourced Nitrogen among Different Income Households: A Case Study Based on Large Sample Survey in Xiamen City, China
title_sort	urban metabolism of food-sourced nitrogen among different income households: a case study based on large sample survey in xiamen city, china
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/89a99caf51764b65b31de039fdf4fcdd
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Urban Metabolism of Food-Sourced Nitrogen among Different Income Households: A Case Study Based on Large Sample Survey in Xiamen City, China

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