Effects of Pollination Interventions, Plant Age and Source on Hormonal Patterns and Fruit Set of Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.)

Date palm is widely propagated through conventional offshoots. It is also produced through a tissue culture technique due to the limited number of offshoots produced throughout the course of a palm’s life. Being dioecious, it is a cross-pollinated tree that can be naturally or artificially pollinate...

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Autores principales:	Hassan Ali-Dinar, Maged Mohammed, Muhammad Munir
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	date palm plant hormones indole acetic acid gibberellins abscisic acid parthenocarpic fruits Plant culture SB1-1110
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/89b7daf35617458f8365e551c7a2a978
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:89b7daf35617458f8365e551c7a2a9782021-11-25T17:47:00ZEffects of Pollination Interventions, Plant Age and Source on Hormonal Patterns and Fruit Set of Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.)10.3390/horticulturae71104272311-7524https://doaj.org/article/89b7daf35617458f8365e551c7a2a9782021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/7/11/427https://doaj.org/toc/2311-7524Date palm is widely propagated through conventional offshoots. It is also produced through a tissue culture technique due to the limited number of offshoots produced throughout the course of a palm’s life. Being dioecious, it is a cross-pollinated tree that can be naturally or artificially pollinated. Tissue-cultured plants often have abnormal epigenetic or genetic changes that affect specific phenotypic characteristics. The growth of parthenocarpic fruits in date palms is mostly induced by hormonal imbalances in certain tissues. The major hormones in parthenocarpic fruits are auxins (IAA), gibberellins (GA<sub>3</sub>), and abscisic acid (ABA). Parthenocarpic, or abnormal fruit development, is an undesirable trait for date palm growers since it drastically reduces farm income. The current study was therefore conducted over two seasons to confirm previous observations and included conventional offshoot-derived trees (CO) and tissue culture-derived ones (TC) of the cultivar Barhee. According to the observed ratio of the fruiting abnormalities, two date palm tree ages were selected, i.e., 6 and 13 years. Two pollination interventions were used: pollination of naturally open female spathes (NOP) and pollination of forced open female spathes (FOP). Plant hormones, IAA, GA<sub>3</sub>, and ABA were identified just before pollination and at specific intervals after pollination for up to 85 days. The ratio of the abnormal fruit set was identified 5 days after pollination. Significant differences were observed in hormonal levels between tree ages as well as between tree propagation sources. Young TC trees (6-year-old) had high abnormal fruit sets compared to CO date palm trees that were the same age. During the early fruit growth and development phases, CO date palms had much higher amounts of IAA and GA<sub>3</sub> than TC date palms. However, ABA concentrations were surprisingly higher in the TC trees during the early fruit growth stages, while it immediately decreased after pollination in the CO date palms. The ratio of abnormal fruits was significantly reduced in the 13-year-old TC date palms, and no differences were observed compared to the CO ones. The levels of IAA, GA<sub>3</sub>, and ABA hormones in both young and old date palms derived through CO or TC followed similar patterns. The critical observations regarding the ABA pattern in the old TC date palms (13-year-old) gradually dropped after pollination, which was identical to the CO ones, whereas it was the opposite in the young 6-year-old TC date palm plants.Hassan Ali-DinarMaged MohammedMuhammad MunirMDPI AGarticledate palmplant hormonesindole acetic acidgibberellinsabscisic acidparthenocarpic fruitsPlant cultureSB1-1110ENHorticulturae, Vol 7, Iss 427, p 427 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	date palm plant hormones indole acetic acid gibberellins abscisic acid parthenocarpic fruits Plant culture SB1-1110
spellingShingle	date palm plant hormones indole acetic acid gibberellins abscisic acid parthenocarpic fruits Plant culture SB1-1110 Hassan Ali-Dinar Maged Mohammed Muhammad Munir Effects of Pollination Interventions, Plant Age and Source on Hormonal Patterns and Fruit Set of Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.)
description	Date palm is widely propagated through conventional offshoots. It is also produced through a tissue culture technique due to the limited number of offshoots produced throughout the course of a palm’s life. Being dioecious, it is a cross-pollinated tree that can be naturally or artificially pollinated. Tissue-cultured plants often have abnormal epigenetic or genetic changes that affect specific phenotypic characteristics. The growth of parthenocarpic fruits in date palms is mostly induced by hormonal imbalances in certain tissues. The major hormones in parthenocarpic fruits are auxins (IAA), gibberellins (GA<sub>3</sub>), and abscisic acid (ABA). Parthenocarpic, or abnormal fruit development, is an undesirable trait for date palm growers since it drastically reduces farm income. The current study was therefore conducted over two seasons to confirm previous observations and included conventional offshoot-derived trees (CO) and tissue culture-derived ones (TC) of the cultivar Barhee. According to the observed ratio of the fruiting abnormalities, two date palm tree ages were selected, i.e., 6 and 13 years. Two pollination interventions were used: pollination of naturally open female spathes (NOP) and pollination of forced open female spathes (FOP). Plant hormones, IAA, GA<sub>3</sub>, and ABA were identified just before pollination and at specific intervals after pollination for up to 85 days. The ratio of the abnormal fruit set was identified 5 days after pollination. Significant differences were observed in hormonal levels between tree ages as well as between tree propagation sources. Young TC trees (6-year-old) had high abnormal fruit sets compared to CO date palm trees that were the same age. During the early fruit growth and development phases, CO date palms had much higher amounts of IAA and GA<sub>3</sub> than TC date palms. However, ABA concentrations were surprisingly higher in the TC trees during the early fruit growth stages, while it immediately decreased after pollination in the CO date palms. The ratio of abnormal fruits was significantly reduced in the 13-year-old TC date palms, and no differences were observed compared to the CO ones. The levels of IAA, GA<sub>3</sub>, and ABA hormones in both young and old date palms derived through CO or TC followed similar patterns. The critical observations regarding the ABA pattern in the old TC date palms (13-year-old) gradually dropped after pollination, which was identical to the CO ones, whereas it was the opposite in the young 6-year-old TC date palm plants.
format	article
author	Hassan Ali-Dinar Maged Mohammed Muhammad Munir
author_facet	Hassan Ali-Dinar Maged Mohammed Muhammad Munir
author_sort	Hassan Ali-Dinar
title	Effects of Pollination Interventions, Plant Age and Source on Hormonal Patterns and Fruit Set of Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.)
title_short	Effects of Pollination Interventions, Plant Age and Source on Hormonal Patterns and Fruit Set of Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.)
title_full	Effects of Pollination Interventions, Plant Age and Source on Hormonal Patterns and Fruit Set of Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.)
title_fullStr	Effects of Pollination Interventions, Plant Age and Source on Hormonal Patterns and Fruit Set of Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.)
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of Pollination Interventions, Plant Age and Source on Hormonal Patterns and Fruit Set of Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.)
title_sort	effects of pollination interventions, plant age and source on hormonal patterns and fruit set of date palm (<i>phoenix dactylifera</i> l.)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/89b7daf35617458f8365e551c7a2a978
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Effects of Pollination Interventions, Plant Age and Source on Hormonal Patterns and Fruit Set of Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.)

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