A Generic Sequential Stimulation Adapter for Reducing Muscle Fatigue during Functional Electrical Stimulation

Background: Clinical applications of conventional functional electrical stimulation (FES) administered via a single electrode are limited by rapid onset neuromuscular fatigue. “Sequential” (SEQ) stimulation, involving the rotation of pulses between multiple active electrodes, has been shown to reduc...

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Autores principales:	Gongkai Ye, Saima S. Ali, Austin J. Bergquist, Milos R. Popovic, Kei Masani
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	sequential stimulation functional electrical stimulation rehabilitation fatigue reduction Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8a20805db3da4a05adbe245620344bef
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8a20805db3da4a05adbe245620344bef2021-11-11T19:12:59ZA Generic Sequential Stimulation Adapter for Reducing Muscle Fatigue during Functional Electrical Stimulation10.3390/s212172481424-8220https://doaj.org/article/8a20805db3da4a05adbe245620344bef2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7248https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8220Background: Clinical applications of conventional functional electrical stimulation (FES) administered via a single electrode are limited by rapid onset neuromuscular fatigue. “Sequential” (SEQ) stimulation, involving the rotation of pulses between multiple active electrodes, has been shown to reduce fatigue compared to conventional FES. However, there has been limited adoption of SEQ in research and clinical settings. Methods: The SEQ adapter is a small, battery-powered device that transforms the output of any commercially available electrical stimulator into SEQ stimulation. We examined the output of the adaptor across a range of clinically relevant stimulation pulse parameters to verify the signal integrity preservation ability of the SEQ adapter. Pulse frequency, amplitude, and duration were varied across discrete states between 4 and 200 Hz, 10 and100 mA, and 50 and 2000 μs, respectively. Results: A total of 420 trials were conducted, with 80 stimulation pulses per trial. The SEQ adapter demonstrated excellent preservation of signal integrity, matching the pulse characteristics of the originating stimulator within 1% error. The SEQ adapter operates as expected at pulse frequencies up to 160 Hz, failing at a frequency of 200 Hz. Conclusion: The SEQ adapter represents an effective and low-cost solution to increase the utilization of SEQ in existing rehabilitation paradigms.Gongkai YeSaima S. AliAustin J. BergquistMilos R. PopovicKei MasaniMDPI AGarticlesequential stimulationfunctional electrical stimulationrehabilitationfatigue reductionChemical technologyTP1-1185ENSensors, Vol 21, Iss 7248, p 7248 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	sequential stimulation functional electrical stimulation rehabilitation fatigue reduction Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	sequential stimulation functional electrical stimulation rehabilitation fatigue reduction Chemical technology TP1-1185 Gongkai Ye Saima S. Ali Austin J. Bergquist Milos R. Popovic Kei Masani A Generic Sequential Stimulation Adapter for Reducing Muscle Fatigue during Functional Electrical Stimulation
description	Background: Clinical applications of conventional functional electrical stimulation (FES) administered via a single electrode are limited by rapid onset neuromuscular fatigue. “Sequential” (SEQ) stimulation, involving the rotation of pulses between multiple active electrodes, has been shown to reduce fatigue compared to conventional FES. However, there has been limited adoption of SEQ in research and clinical settings. Methods: The SEQ adapter is a small, battery-powered device that transforms the output of any commercially available electrical stimulator into SEQ stimulation. We examined the output of the adaptor across a range of clinically relevant stimulation pulse parameters to verify the signal integrity preservation ability of the SEQ adapter. Pulse frequency, amplitude, and duration were varied across discrete states between 4 and 200 Hz, 10 and100 mA, and 50 and 2000 μs, respectively. Results: A total of 420 trials were conducted, with 80 stimulation pulses per trial. The SEQ adapter demonstrated excellent preservation of signal integrity, matching the pulse characteristics of the originating stimulator within 1% error. The SEQ adapter operates as expected at pulse frequencies up to 160 Hz, failing at a frequency of 200 Hz. Conclusion: The SEQ adapter represents an effective and low-cost solution to increase the utilization of SEQ in existing rehabilitation paradigms.
format	article
author	Gongkai Ye Saima S. Ali Austin J. Bergquist Milos R. Popovic Kei Masani
author_facet	Gongkai Ye Saima S. Ali Austin J. Bergquist Milos R. Popovic Kei Masani
author_sort	Gongkai Ye
title	A Generic Sequential Stimulation Adapter for Reducing Muscle Fatigue during Functional Electrical Stimulation
title_short	A Generic Sequential Stimulation Adapter for Reducing Muscle Fatigue during Functional Electrical Stimulation
title_full	A Generic Sequential Stimulation Adapter for Reducing Muscle Fatigue during Functional Electrical Stimulation
title_fullStr	A Generic Sequential Stimulation Adapter for Reducing Muscle Fatigue during Functional Electrical Stimulation
title_full_unstemmed	A Generic Sequential Stimulation Adapter for Reducing Muscle Fatigue during Functional Electrical Stimulation
title_sort	generic sequential stimulation adapter for reducing muscle fatigue during functional electrical stimulation
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8a20805db3da4a05adbe245620344bef
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A Generic Sequential Stimulation Adapter for Reducing Muscle Fatigue during Functional Electrical Stimulation

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