The Dynamism of Transposon Methylation for Plant Development and Stress Adaptation

Plant development processes are regulated by epigenetic alterations that shape nuclear structure, gene expression, and phenotypic plasticity; these alterations can provide the plant with protection from environmental stresses. During plant growth and development, these processes play a significant r...

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Autores principales: Muthusamy Ramakrishnan, Lakkakula Satish, Ruslan Kalendar, Mathiyazhagan Narayanan, Sabariswaran Kandasamy, Anket Sharma, Abolghassem Emamverdian, Qiang Wei, Mingbing Zhou
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:8aca87771b28432f84048c05b6619eb62021-11-11T16:51:37ZThe Dynamism of Transposon Methylation for Plant Development and Stress Adaptation10.3390/ijms2221113871422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/8aca87771b28432f84048c05b6619eb62021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11387https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Plant development processes are regulated by epigenetic alterations that shape nuclear structure, gene expression, and phenotypic plasticity; these alterations can provide the plant with protection from environmental stresses. During plant growth and development, these processes play a significant role in regulating gene expression to remodel chromatin structure. These epigenetic alterations are mainly regulated by transposable elements (TEs) whose abundance in plant genomes results in their interaction with genomes. Thus, TEs are the main source of epigenetic changes and form a substantial part of the plant genome. Furthermore, TEs can be activated under stress conditions, and activated elements cause mutagenic effects and substantial genetic variability. This introduces novel gene functions and structural variation in the insertion sites and primarily contributes to epigenetic modifications. Altogether, these modifications indirectly or directly provide the ability to withstand environmental stresses. In recent years, many studies have shown that TE methylation plays a major role in the evolution of the plant genome through epigenetic process that regulate gene imprinting, thereby upholding genome stability. The induced genetic rearrangements and insertions of mobile genetic elements in regions of active euchromatin contribute to genome alteration, leading to genomic stress. These TE-mediated epigenetic modifications lead to phenotypic diversity, genetic variation, and environmental stress tolerance. Thus, TE methylation is essential for plant evolution and stress adaptation, and TEs hold a relevant military position in the plant genome. High-throughput techniques have greatly advanced the understanding of TE-mediated gene expression and its associations with genome methylation and suggest that controlled mobilization of TEs could be used for crop breeding. However, development application in this area has been limited, and an integrated view of TE function and subsequent processes is lacking. In this review, we explore the enormous diversity and likely functions of the TE repertoire in adaptive evolution and discuss some recent examples of how TEs impact gene expression in plant development and stress adaptation.Muthusamy RamakrishnanLakkakula SatishRuslan KalendarMathiyazhagan NarayananSabariswaran KandasamyAnket SharmaAbolghassem EmamverdianQiang WeiMingbing ZhouMDPI AGarticleepigeneticstransposable elementsretrotransposongene regulationTE methylationmeasurement of TEsBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11387, p 11387 (2021)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic epigenetics
transposable elements
retrotransposon
gene regulation
TE methylation
measurement of TEs
Biology (General)
QH301-705.5
Chemistry
QD1-999
spellingShingle epigenetics
transposable elements
retrotransposon
gene regulation
TE methylation
measurement of TEs
Biology (General)
QH301-705.5
Chemistry
QD1-999
Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
Lakkakula Satish
Ruslan Kalendar
Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
Sabariswaran Kandasamy
Anket Sharma
Abolghassem Emamverdian
Qiang Wei
Mingbing Zhou
The Dynamism of Transposon Methylation for Plant Development and Stress Adaptation
description Plant development processes are regulated by epigenetic alterations that shape nuclear structure, gene expression, and phenotypic plasticity; these alterations can provide the plant with protection from environmental stresses. During plant growth and development, these processes play a significant role in regulating gene expression to remodel chromatin structure. These epigenetic alterations are mainly regulated by transposable elements (TEs) whose abundance in plant genomes results in their interaction with genomes. Thus, TEs are the main source of epigenetic changes and form a substantial part of the plant genome. Furthermore, TEs can be activated under stress conditions, and activated elements cause mutagenic effects and substantial genetic variability. This introduces novel gene functions and structural variation in the insertion sites and primarily contributes to epigenetic modifications. Altogether, these modifications indirectly or directly provide the ability to withstand environmental stresses. In recent years, many studies have shown that TE methylation plays a major role in the evolution of the plant genome through epigenetic process that regulate gene imprinting, thereby upholding genome stability. The induced genetic rearrangements and insertions of mobile genetic elements in regions of active euchromatin contribute to genome alteration, leading to genomic stress. These TE-mediated epigenetic modifications lead to phenotypic diversity, genetic variation, and environmental stress tolerance. Thus, TE methylation is essential for plant evolution and stress adaptation, and TEs hold a relevant military position in the plant genome. High-throughput techniques have greatly advanced the understanding of TE-mediated gene expression and its associations with genome methylation and suggest that controlled mobilization of TEs could be used for crop breeding. However, development application in this area has been limited, and an integrated view of TE function and subsequent processes is lacking. In this review, we explore the enormous diversity and likely functions of the TE repertoire in adaptive evolution and discuss some recent examples of how TEs impact gene expression in plant development and stress adaptation.
format article
author Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
Lakkakula Satish
Ruslan Kalendar
Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
Sabariswaran Kandasamy
Anket Sharma
Abolghassem Emamverdian
Qiang Wei
Mingbing Zhou
author_facet Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
Lakkakula Satish
Ruslan Kalendar
Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
Sabariswaran Kandasamy
Anket Sharma
Abolghassem Emamverdian
Qiang Wei
Mingbing Zhou
author_sort Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
title The Dynamism of Transposon Methylation for Plant Development and Stress Adaptation
title_short The Dynamism of Transposon Methylation for Plant Development and Stress Adaptation
title_full The Dynamism of Transposon Methylation for Plant Development and Stress Adaptation
title_fullStr The Dynamism of Transposon Methylation for Plant Development and Stress Adaptation
title_full_unstemmed The Dynamism of Transposon Methylation for Plant Development and Stress Adaptation
title_sort dynamism of transposon methylation for plant development and stress adaptation
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/8aca87771b28432f84048c05b6619eb6
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