Status of springs in mountain watershed of western Nepal

The study, conducted in western hilly areas of Nepal, inventoried and mapped over 4,222 springs from five different watersheds. The study showed that more than 50% of the spring sources were found under natural conditions, i.e., open spring whereas 15% of them were of pond type. Similarly, the other...

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Autores principales:	Sanot Adhikari, Anup Gurung, Raju Chauhan, Deepak Rijal, Bhawani S. Dongol, Dibit Aryal, Rocky Talchabhadel
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IWA Publishing 2021
Materias:	climate change discharge rainfall spring watersheds River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8af56fa164c2454e9488308254c8f8a1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8af56fa164c2454e9488308254c8f8a12021-11-05T20:08:12ZStatus of springs in mountain watershed of western Nepal1366-70171996-975910.2166/wp.2020.187https://doaj.org/article/8af56fa164c2454e9488308254c8f8a12021-02-01T00:00:00Zhttp://wp.iwaponline.com/content/23/1/142https://doaj.org/toc/1366-7017https://doaj.org/toc/1996-9759The study, conducted in western hilly areas of Nepal, inventoried and mapped over 4,222 springs from five different watersheds. The study showed that more than 50% of the spring sources were found under natural conditions, i.e., open spring whereas 15% of them were of pond type. Similarly, the other 15% spring was recorded as a concrete structure or tank while 1% was determined to be a well. Attempts were made to identify if a change in water discharge from springs relates to rainfall patterns. The inter-annual variability analysis shows a significant fluctuation suggesting variation in water discharge across spring sources. The lowest amount of yearly rainfall received in the river basin is governed by decreasing water flow from the springs in the upper and mid-hills of Nepal. Besides, the intra-annual variation (i.e., seasonal and concentrative nature of rainfall only during monsoon) leads to shortage of drinking water and other domestic purposes (e.g., cooking, cleaning) during the dry months of the year. This study, based on the estimation of discharge flow in these springs, revealed that about 70% were decreasing and, in particular, the flow over the recent ten years decreased significantly. Highlights Springs are the primary source of domestic water supply in Mountain of Western Nepal.; Many communities are experiencing increasing hardship in meeting their needs for freshwater in Western Nepal.; Springs in the Mountain Watershed of Western Nepal are in great threat.; Around 70% springs have a decreasing trend of discharge.; Restoration activities are urgent need to protect the springs in the Mountain Watershed.;Sanot AdhikariAnup GurungRaju ChauhanDeepak RijalBhawani S. DongolDibit AryalRocky TalchabhadelIWA Publishingarticleclimate changedischargerainfallspringwatershedsRiver, lake, and water-supply engineering (General)TC401-506ENWater Policy, Vol 23, Iss 1, Pp 142-156 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	climate change discharge rainfall spring watersheds River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506
spellingShingle	climate change discharge rainfall spring watersheds River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506 Sanot Adhikari Anup Gurung Raju Chauhan Deepak Rijal Bhawani S. Dongol Dibit Aryal Rocky Talchabhadel Status of springs in mountain watershed of western Nepal
description	The study, conducted in western hilly areas of Nepal, inventoried and mapped over 4,222 springs from five different watersheds. The study showed that more than 50% of the spring sources were found under natural conditions, i.e., open spring whereas 15% of them were of pond type. Similarly, the other 15% spring was recorded as a concrete structure or tank while 1% was determined to be a well. Attempts were made to identify if a change in water discharge from springs relates to rainfall patterns. The inter-annual variability analysis shows a significant fluctuation suggesting variation in water discharge across spring sources. The lowest amount of yearly rainfall received in the river basin is governed by decreasing water flow from the springs in the upper and mid-hills of Nepal. Besides, the intra-annual variation (i.e., seasonal and concentrative nature of rainfall only during monsoon) leads to shortage of drinking water and other domestic purposes (e.g., cooking, cleaning) during the dry months of the year. This study, based on the estimation of discharge flow in these springs, revealed that about 70% were decreasing and, in particular, the flow over the recent ten years decreased significantly. Highlights Springs are the primary source of domestic water supply in Mountain of Western Nepal.; Many communities are experiencing increasing hardship in meeting their needs for freshwater in Western Nepal.; Springs in the Mountain Watershed of Western Nepal are in great threat.; Around 70% springs have a decreasing trend of discharge.; Restoration activities are urgent need to protect the springs in the Mountain Watershed.;
format	article
author	Sanot Adhikari Anup Gurung Raju Chauhan Deepak Rijal Bhawani S. Dongol Dibit Aryal Rocky Talchabhadel
author_facet	Sanot Adhikari Anup Gurung Raju Chauhan Deepak Rijal Bhawani S. Dongol Dibit Aryal Rocky Talchabhadel
author_sort	Sanot Adhikari
title	Status of springs in mountain watershed of western Nepal
title_short	Status of springs in mountain watershed of western Nepal
title_full	Status of springs in mountain watershed of western Nepal
title_fullStr	Status of springs in mountain watershed of western Nepal
title_full_unstemmed	Status of springs in mountain watershed of western Nepal
title_sort	status of springs in mountain watershed of western nepal
publisher	IWA Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8af56fa164c2454e9488308254c8f8a1
work_keys_str_mv	AT sanotadhikari statusofspringsinmountainwatershedofwesternnepal AT anupgurung statusofspringsinmountainwatershedofwesternnepal AT rajuchauhan statusofspringsinmountainwatershedofwesternnepal AT deepakrijal statusofspringsinmountainwatershedofwesternnepal AT bhawanisdongol statusofspringsinmountainwatershedofwesternnepal AT dibitaryal statusofspringsinmountainwatershedofwesternnepal AT rockytalchabhadel statusofspringsinmountainwatershedofwesternnepal
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Status of springs in mountain watershed of western Nepal

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