Examination of Athlete Triad Symptoms Among Endurance-Trained Male Athletes: A Field Study

Background: Studies examining the physiological consequences associated with deficits in energy availability (EA) for male athletes are sparse.Purpose: To examine male athlete triad components; low energy availability (LEA) with or without an eating disorder risk (ED), reproductive hormone [testoste...

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Autores principales:	Erin M. Moore, Clemens Drenowatz, David F. Stodden, Kelly Pritchett, Thaddus C. Brodrick, Brittany T. Williams, Justin M. Goins, Toni M. Torres-McGehee
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	low energy availability bone mineral density testosterone reproductive dysfunction macronutrients male endurance athletes Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8b0ff2d839fd492782b691b8c874e8dd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8b0ff2d839fd492782b691b8c874e8dd2021-12-01T07:21:12ZExamination of Athlete Triad Symptoms Among Endurance-Trained Male Athletes: A Field Study2296-861X10.3389/fnut.2021.737777https://doaj.org/article/8b0ff2d839fd492782b691b8c874e8dd2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.737777/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-861XBackground: Studies examining the physiological consequences associated with deficits in energy availability (EA) for male athletes are sparse.Purpose: To examine male athlete triad components; low energy availability (LEA) with or without an eating disorder risk (ED), reproductive hormone [testosterone (T)], and bone mineral density (BMD) in endurance-trained male athletes during different training periods.Methods: A cross-sectional design with 14 participants (age: 26.4 ± 4.2 years; weight: 70.6 ± 6.4 kg; height: 179.5 ± 4.3 cm; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.8 kg/m2) were recruited from the local community. Two separate training weeks [low (LV) and high (HV) training volumes] were used to collect the following: 7-day dietary and exercise logs, and blood concentration of T. Anthropometric measurements was taken prior to data collection. A one-time BMD measure (after the training weeks) and VO2max-HR regressions were utilized to calculate EEE.Results: Overall, EA presented as 27.6 ± 10.7 kcal/kgFFM·d-1 with 35% (n = 5) of participants demonstrating increased risk for ED. Examining male triad components, 64.3% presented with LEA (≤ 30 kcal/kgFFM·d-1) while participants presented with T (1780.6 ± 1672.6 ng/dl) and BMD (1.31 ±.09 g/cm2) within normal reference ranges. No differences were found across the 2 training weeks for EI, with slight differences for EA and EEE. Twenty-five participants (89.3%) under-ingested CHO across both weeks, with no differences between weeks.Conclusion: Majority of endurance-trained male athletes presented with one compromised component of the triad (LEA with or without ED risk); however, long-term negative effects on T and BMD were not demonstrated. Over 60% of the participants presented with an EA ≤ 30 kcal/kgFFM·d-1, along with almost 90% not meeting CHO needs. These results suggest male endurance-trained athletes may be at risk to negative health outcomes similar to mechanistic behaviors related to EA with or without ED in female athletes.Erin M. MooreClemens DrenowatzDavid F. StoddenKelly PritchettThaddus C. BrodrickBrittany T. WilliamsJustin M. GoinsToni M. Torres-McGeheeFrontiers Media S.A.articlelow energy availabilitybone mineral densitytestosteronereproductive dysfunctionmacronutrientsmale endurance athletesNutrition. Foods and food supplyTX341-641ENFrontiers in Nutrition, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	low energy availability bone mineral density testosterone reproductive dysfunction macronutrients male endurance athletes Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
spellingShingle	low energy availability bone mineral density testosterone reproductive dysfunction macronutrients male endurance athletes Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641 Erin M. Moore Clemens Drenowatz David F. Stodden Kelly Pritchett Thaddus C. Brodrick Brittany T. Williams Justin M. Goins Toni M. Torres-McGehee Examination of Athlete Triad Symptoms Among Endurance-Trained Male Athletes: A Field Study
description	Background: Studies examining the physiological consequences associated with deficits in energy availability (EA) for male athletes are sparse.Purpose: To examine male athlete triad components; low energy availability (LEA) with or without an eating disorder risk (ED), reproductive hormone [testosterone (T)], and bone mineral density (BMD) in endurance-trained male athletes during different training periods.Methods: A cross-sectional design with 14 participants (age: 26.4 ± 4.2 years; weight: 70.6 ± 6.4 kg; height: 179.5 ± 4.3 cm; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.8 kg/m2) were recruited from the local community. Two separate training weeks [low (LV) and high (HV) training volumes] were used to collect the following: 7-day dietary and exercise logs, and blood concentration of T. Anthropometric measurements was taken prior to data collection. A one-time BMD measure (after the training weeks) and VO2max-HR regressions were utilized to calculate EEE.Results: Overall, EA presented as 27.6 ± 10.7 kcal/kgFFM·d-1 with 35% (n = 5) of participants demonstrating increased risk for ED. Examining male triad components, 64.3% presented with LEA (≤ 30 kcal/kgFFM·d-1) while participants presented with T (1780.6 ± 1672.6 ng/dl) and BMD (1.31 ±.09 g/cm2) within normal reference ranges. No differences were found across the 2 training weeks for EI, with slight differences for EA and EEE. Twenty-five participants (89.3%) under-ingested CHO across both weeks, with no differences between weeks.Conclusion: Majority of endurance-trained male athletes presented with one compromised component of the triad (LEA with or without ED risk); however, long-term negative effects on T and BMD were not demonstrated. Over 60% of the participants presented with an EA ≤ 30 kcal/kgFFM·d-1, along with almost 90% not meeting CHO needs. These results suggest male endurance-trained athletes may be at risk to negative health outcomes similar to mechanistic behaviors related to EA with or without ED in female athletes.
format	article
author	Erin M. Moore Clemens Drenowatz David F. Stodden Kelly Pritchett Thaddus C. Brodrick Brittany T. Williams Justin M. Goins Toni M. Torres-McGehee
author_facet	Erin M. Moore Clemens Drenowatz David F. Stodden Kelly Pritchett Thaddus C. Brodrick Brittany T. Williams Justin M. Goins Toni M. Torres-McGehee
author_sort	Erin M. Moore
title	Examination of Athlete Triad Symptoms Among Endurance-Trained Male Athletes: A Field Study
title_short	Examination of Athlete Triad Symptoms Among Endurance-Trained Male Athletes: A Field Study
title_full	Examination of Athlete Triad Symptoms Among Endurance-Trained Male Athletes: A Field Study
title_fullStr	Examination of Athlete Triad Symptoms Among Endurance-Trained Male Athletes: A Field Study
title_full_unstemmed	Examination of Athlete Triad Symptoms Among Endurance-Trained Male Athletes: A Field Study
title_sort	examination of athlete triad symptoms among endurance-trained male athletes: a field study
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8b0ff2d839fd492782b691b8c874e8dd
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Examination of Athlete Triad Symptoms Among Endurance-Trained Male Athletes: A Field Study

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