Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm

Viral production is a key parameter for assessing virus-mediated biogeochemical cycles. One widely used method for the determination of viral production, called the virus reduction assay, reduces viral abundance, while maintaining bacterial abundance, using 0.2-μm pore-size filters. Viral production...

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Autores principales:	Yanhui Yang, Toshi Nagata
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	bacteria carbon flux dissolved organic matter low nucleic acid content bacteria marine environments viral production Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8bbc672b264e48838f6a97ca1ec0cb3c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8bbc672b264e48838f6a97ca1ec0cb3c2021-11-18T08:37:18ZViral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm1664-302X10.3389/fmicb.2021.774849https://doaj.org/article/8bbc672b264e48838f6a97ca1ec0cb3c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.774849/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-302XViral production is a key parameter for assessing virus-mediated biogeochemical cycles. One widely used method for the determination of viral production, called the virus reduction assay, reduces viral abundance, while maintaining bacterial abundance, using 0.2-μm pore-size filters. Viral production is estimated from the increase of viral abundance during incubation. We hypothesized that small-cell-sized bacterial communities can pass through 0.2-μm filters and drive viral production, representing a missing fraction of viral production that is missed by the virus reduction assay. Coastal seawater was filtered through 0.2-μm filters and diluted with virus-free seawater. Viral production in the <0.2-μm filtrate was estimated from changes in viral abundance determined through flow cytometry. We found that viruses were produced in the <0.2-μm communities, which were strongly enriched with low nucleic acid content bacteria. Estimated viral production in the <0.2-μm filtrates accounted for up to 43% of total viral production and 10% of dissolved organic carbon production mediated by viral lysis of bacterial cells. By not considering viral production in these <0.2-μm communities, the virus reduction assay may underestimate viral production. Virus–bacteria interactions in <0.2-μm communities may represent a significant and overlooked role of viruses in marine food webs and carbon fluxes.Yanhui YangToshi NagataFrontiers Media S.A.articlebacteriacarbon fluxdissolved organic matterlow nucleic acid content bacteriamarine environmentsviral productionMicrobiologyQR1-502ENFrontiers in Microbiology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	bacteria carbon flux dissolved organic matter low nucleic acid content bacteria marine environments viral production Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	bacteria carbon flux dissolved organic matter low nucleic acid content bacteria marine environments viral production Microbiology QR1-502 Yanhui Yang Toshi Nagata Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm
description	Viral production is a key parameter for assessing virus-mediated biogeochemical cycles. One widely used method for the determination of viral production, called the virus reduction assay, reduces viral abundance, while maintaining bacterial abundance, using 0.2-μm pore-size filters. Viral production is estimated from the increase of viral abundance during incubation. We hypothesized that small-cell-sized bacterial communities can pass through 0.2-μm filters and drive viral production, representing a missing fraction of viral production that is missed by the virus reduction assay. Coastal seawater was filtered through 0.2-μm filters and diluted with virus-free seawater. Viral production in the <0.2-μm filtrate was estimated from changes in viral abundance determined through flow cytometry. We found that viruses were produced in the <0.2-μm communities, which were strongly enriched with low nucleic acid content bacteria. Estimated viral production in the <0.2-μm filtrates accounted for up to 43% of total viral production and 10% of dissolved organic carbon production mediated by viral lysis of bacterial cells. By not considering viral production in these <0.2-μm communities, the virus reduction assay may underestimate viral production. Virus–bacteria interactions in <0.2-μm communities may represent a significant and overlooked role of viruses in marine food webs and carbon fluxes.
format	article
author	Yanhui Yang Toshi Nagata
author_facet	Yanhui Yang Toshi Nagata
author_sort	Yanhui Yang
title	Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm
title_short	Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm
title_full	Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm
title_fullStr	Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm
title_full_unstemmed	Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm
title_sort	viral production in seawater filtered through 0.2-μm pore-size filters: a hidden biogeochemical cycle in a neglected realm
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8bbc672b264e48838f6a97ca1ec0cb3c
work_keys_str_mv	AT yanhuiyang viralproductioninseawaterfilteredthrough02mmporesizefiltersahiddenbiogeochemicalcycleinaneglectedrealm AT toshinagata viralproductioninseawaterfilteredthrough02mmporesizefiltersahiddenbiogeochemicalcycleinaneglectedrealm
_version_	1718421573813141504

Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm

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