Garcina Kola neuroprotective effects on the prefrontal cortex cyto-architecture of MDMA-induced neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats model

Background: The stimulant, empathogenic, euphoric, and hallucinogenic properties of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as 'Ecstasy,' make it a popular drug among teenagers. These effects are thought to be caused by significant increases in dopamine, serotonin, and glutama...

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Autores principales:	John Afees Olanrewaju, Phd, Okoro Iheanyichukwu, Phd, Professor, Owolabi Joshua Oladele, Phd, Olatunji Sunday Yinka, PhD, Adelodun Stephen Taiye, Fabiyi Sunday Oluseyi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2022
Materias:	Neurodegeneration Psychoactive Garcinia kola 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Other systems of medicine RZ201-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8bd3a7019eea4641907d4b532038a90d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8bd3a7019eea4641907d4b532038a90d2021-12-04T04:36:30ZGarcina Kola neuroprotective effects on the prefrontal cortex cyto-architecture of MDMA-induced neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats model2667-031310.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100174https://doaj.org/article/8bd3a7019eea4641907d4b532038a90d2022-02-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031321001561https://doaj.org/toc/2667-0313Background: The stimulant, empathogenic, euphoric, and hallucinogenic properties of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as 'Ecstasy,' make it a popular drug among teenagers. These effects are thought to be caused by significant increases in dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate neurotransmission. However, little is known about Garcinia kola extract's (GKE) neuroprotective activities against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate GKE's neuroprotective activities against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in rat models. Method: Sixty (60) healthy adult male Wistar rats (120–150 g) were randomly divided into six ten-animal groups (A, B, C, D, E, and F). Group A served as the control, while groups B and C were given 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg (low and high) daily doses of GKE for 21 days, respectively. Group D was given a 20 mg/kg intermittent dose of MDMA, while groups E and F were given 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg (low and high) daily doses of GKE along with 20 mg/kg intermittent doses of MDMA for 21 days. 24 h after the last administration, the rats were sacrificed. Five rats from each group were anesthetized with a diether and perfused intracardially, after which the brains were excised and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histology and immunohistochemistry. Graph Pad Prism5 was used for the statistical analysis, which included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The number of lines crossed increased significantly in MDMA-treated rats, as did the frequency of rearing and the number of lines crossed. The increase in grooming frequency observed in conjunction with a slight decrease in the number of center square entries and defecation was not statistically significant. Interestingly, dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate levels were slightly elevated in MDMA-induced psychostimulant animals, correlating with anxiolytic (animal anxiety reduction) activity. Similarly, an increase in the expression of G6PDH and Cytochrome c-oxidase was observed, indicating that MDMA has the ability to upregulate mitochondrial metabolism, which accounts for the release of more energy. As a result of MDMA treatment, histological and GFAP results revealed neuronal degeneration and astrogliosis/glia scar formation, respectively. Conclusion: This finding demonstrates MDMA's neurotoxic damage to neurons in the prefrontal cortex, its ability to cause behavioural deficits, and how GKE administration was able to slow down MDMA's neurotoxic damage and behavioural deficits.John Afees Olanrewaju, PhdOkoro Iheanyichukwu, Phd, ProfessorOwolabi Joshua Oladele, PhdOlatunji Sunday Yinka, PhDAdelodun Stephen TaiyeFabiyi Sunday OluseyiElsevierarticleNeurodegenerationPsychoactiveGarcinia kola3,4-MethylenedioxymethamphetamineOther systems of medicineRZ201-999ENPhytomedicine Plus, Vol 2, Iss 1, Pp 100174- (2022)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Neurodegeneration Psychoactive Garcinia kola 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Other systems of medicine RZ201-999
spellingShingle	Neurodegeneration Psychoactive Garcinia kola 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Other systems of medicine RZ201-999 John Afees Olanrewaju, Phd Okoro Iheanyichukwu, Phd, Professor Owolabi Joshua Oladele, Phd Olatunji Sunday Yinka, PhD Adelodun Stephen Taiye Fabiyi Sunday Oluseyi Garcina Kola neuroprotective effects on the prefrontal cortex cyto-architecture of MDMA-induced neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats model
description	Background: The stimulant, empathogenic, euphoric, and hallucinogenic properties of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as 'Ecstasy,' make it a popular drug among teenagers. These effects are thought to be caused by significant increases in dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate neurotransmission. However, little is known about Garcinia kola extract's (GKE) neuroprotective activities against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate GKE's neuroprotective activities against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in rat models. Method: Sixty (60) healthy adult male Wistar rats (120–150 g) were randomly divided into six ten-animal groups (A, B, C, D, E, and F). Group A served as the control, while groups B and C were given 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg (low and high) daily doses of GKE for 21 days, respectively. Group D was given a 20 mg/kg intermittent dose of MDMA, while groups E and F were given 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg (low and high) daily doses of GKE along with 20 mg/kg intermittent doses of MDMA for 21 days. 24 h after the last administration, the rats were sacrificed. Five rats from each group were anesthetized with a diether and perfused intracardially, after which the brains were excised and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histology and immunohistochemistry. Graph Pad Prism5 was used for the statistical analysis, which included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The number of lines crossed increased significantly in MDMA-treated rats, as did the frequency of rearing and the number of lines crossed. The increase in grooming frequency observed in conjunction with a slight decrease in the number of center square entries and defecation was not statistically significant. Interestingly, dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate levels were slightly elevated in MDMA-induced psychostimulant animals, correlating with anxiolytic (animal anxiety reduction) activity. Similarly, an increase in the expression of G6PDH and Cytochrome c-oxidase was observed, indicating that MDMA has the ability to upregulate mitochondrial metabolism, which accounts for the release of more energy. As a result of MDMA treatment, histological and GFAP results revealed neuronal degeneration and astrogliosis/glia scar formation, respectively. Conclusion: This finding demonstrates MDMA's neurotoxic damage to neurons in the prefrontal cortex, its ability to cause behavioural deficits, and how GKE administration was able to slow down MDMA's neurotoxic damage and behavioural deficits.
format	article
author	John Afees Olanrewaju, Phd Okoro Iheanyichukwu, Phd, Professor Owolabi Joshua Oladele, Phd Olatunji Sunday Yinka, PhD Adelodun Stephen Taiye Fabiyi Sunday Oluseyi
author_facet	John Afees Olanrewaju, Phd Okoro Iheanyichukwu, Phd, Professor Owolabi Joshua Oladele, Phd Olatunji Sunday Yinka, PhD Adelodun Stephen Taiye Fabiyi Sunday Oluseyi
author_sort	John Afees Olanrewaju, Phd
title	Garcina Kola neuroprotective effects on the prefrontal cortex cyto-architecture of MDMA-induced neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats model
title_short	Garcina Kola neuroprotective effects on the prefrontal cortex cyto-architecture of MDMA-induced neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats model
title_full	Garcina Kola neuroprotective effects on the prefrontal cortex cyto-architecture of MDMA-induced neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats model
title_fullStr	Garcina Kola neuroprotective effects on the prefrontal cortex cyto-architecture of MDMA-induced neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats model
title_full_unstemmed	Garcina Kola neuroprotective effects on the prefrontal cortex cyto-architecture of MDMA-induced neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats model
title_sort	garcina kola neuroprotective effects on the prefrontal cortex cyto-architecture of mdma-induced neuroinflammation in male wistar rats model
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2022
url	https://doaj.org/article/8bd3a7019eea4641907d4b532038a90d
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Garcina Kola neuroprotective effects on the prefrontal cortex cyto-architecture of MDMA-induced neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats model

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