Go with the flow: The extent of drag reduction as epiphytic bromeliads reorient in wind.

Vascular epiphytes represent almost 10% of all terrestrial plant diversity. Being structurally dependent on trees, epiphytes live at the interface of vegetation and atmosphere, making them susceptible to atmospheric changes. Despite the extensive research on vascular epiphytes, little is known about...

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Autores principales:	Jessica Y L Tay, Gerhard Zotz, Jaroslaw Puczylowski, Helena J R Einzmann
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8c04a3feec60438fb4568455572ee631
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8c04a3feec60438fb4568455572ee6312021-12-02T20:10:09ZGo with the flow: The extent of drag reduction as epiphytic bromeliads reorient in wind.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0252790https://doaj.org/article/8c04a3feec60438fb4568455572ee6312021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252790https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Vascular epiphytes represent almost 10% of all terrestrial plant diversity. Being structurally dependent on trees, epiphytes live at the interface of vegetation and atmosphere, making them susceptible to atmospheric changes. Despite the extensive research on vascular epiphytes, little is known about wind disturbance on these plants. Therefore, this study investigated the wind-epiphyte mechanical interactions by quantifying the drag forces on epiphytic bromeliads when subjected to increasing wind speeds (5-22 m s-1) in a wind tunnel. Drag coefficients (Cd) and Vogel exponents (B) were calculated to quantify the streamlining ability of different bromeliad species. Bromeliads' reconfiguration occurred first via bending and aligning leaves in the flow direction. Then leaves clustered and reduced the overall plant frontal area. This reconfiguration caused drag forces to increase at a slower rate as wind velocity increased. In the extreme case, drag force was reduced by 50% in a large Guzmania monostachia individual at a wind velocity of 22 m s-1, compared to a stiff model. This species had one of the smallest Cd (0.58) at the highest wind velocity, and the largest negative mean B (-0.98), representing the largest reconfiguration capacity amongst the tested bromeliads. The streamlining ability of bromeliads was mainly restricted by the rigidity of the lower part of the plant where the leaves are already densely clustered. Wind speeds used in this study were generally low as compared to storm force winds. At these low wind speeds, reconfiguration was an effective mechanism for drag reduction in bromeliads. This mechanism is likely to lose its effectiveness at higher wind speeds when continuous vigorous fluttering results in leaf damage and aspects such as root-attachment strength and substrate stability become more relevant. This study is a first step towards an understanding of the mechanical bottleneck in the epiphyte-tree-system under wind stress.Jessica Y L TayGerhard ZotzJaroslaw PuczylowskiHelena J R EinzmannPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 6, p e0252790 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Jessica Y L Tay Gerhard Zotz Jaroslaw Puczylowski Helena J R Einzmann Go with the flow: The extent of drag reduction as epiphytic bromeliads reorient in wind.
description	Vascular epiphytes represent almost 10% of all terrestrial plant diversity. Being structurally dependent on trees, epiphytes live at the interface of vegetation and atmosphere, making them susceptible to atmospheric changes. Despite the extensive research on vascular epiphytes, little is known about wind disturbance on these plants. Therefore, this study investigated the wind-epiphyte mechanical interactions by quantifying the drag forces on epiphytic bromeliads when subjected to increasing wind speeds (5-22 m s-1) in a wind tunnel. Drag coefficients (Cd) and Vogel exponents (B) were calculated to quantify the streamlining ability of different bromeliad species. Bromeliads' reconfiguration occurred first via bending and aligning leaves in the flow direction. Then leaves clustered and reduced the overall plant frontal area. This reconfiguration caused drag forces to increase at a slower rate as wind velocity increased. In the extreme case, drag force was reduced by 50% in a large Guzmania monostachia individual at a wind velocity of 22 m s-1, compared to a stiff model. This species had one of the smallest Cd (0.58) at the highest wind velocity, and the largest negative mean B (-0.98), representing the largest reconfiguration capacity amongst the tested bromeliads. The streamlining ability of bromeliads was mainly restricted by the rigidity of the lower part of the plant where the leaves are already densely clustered. Wind speeds used in this study were generally low as compared to storm force winds. At these low wind speeds, reconfiguration was an effective mechanism for drag reduction in bromeliads. This mechanism is likely to lose its effectiveness at higher wind speeds when continuous vigorous fluttering results in leaf damage and aspects such as root-attachment strength and substrate stability become more relevant. This study is a first step towards an understanding of the mechanical bottleneck in the epiphyte-tree-system under wind stress.
format	article
author	Jessica Y L Tay Gerhard Zotz Jaroslaw Puczylowski Helena J R Einzmann
author_facet	Jessica Y L Tay Gerhard Zotz Jaroslaw Puczylowski Helena J R Einzmann
author_sort	Jessica Y L Tay
title	Go with the flow: The extent of drag reduction as epiphytic bromeliads reorient in wind.
title_short	Go with the flow: The extent of drag reduction as epiphytic bromeliads reorient in wind.
title_full	Go with the flow: The extent of drag reduction as epiphytic bromeliads reorient in wind.
title_fullStr	Go with the flow: The extent of drag reduction as epiphytic bromeliads reorient in wind.
title_full_unstemmed	Go with the flow: The extent of drag reduction as epiphytic bromeliads reorient in wind.
title_sort	go with the flow: the extent of drag reduction as epiphytic bromeliads reorient in wind.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8c04a3feec60438fb4568455572ee631
work_keys_str_mv	AT jessicayltay gowiththeflowtheextentofdragreductionasepiphyticbromeliadsreorientinwind AT gerhardzotz gowiththeflowtheextentofdragreductionasepiphyticbromeliadsreorientinwind AT jaroslawpuczylowski gowiththeflowtheextentofdragreductionasepiphyticbromeliadsreorientinwind AT helenajreinzmann gowiththeflowtheextentofdragreductionasepiphyticbromeliadsreorientinwind
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Go with the flow: The extent of drag reduction as epiphytic bromeliads reorient in wind.

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