Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury: Oxidative Damage as a Unifying Mechanism

Cadmium is a nonessential metal that has heavily polluted the environment due to human activities. It can be absorbed into the human body via the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and the skin, and can cause chronic damage to the kidneys. The main site where cadmium accumulates and causes d...

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Autores principales:	Liang-Jun Yan, Daniel C. Allen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	cadmium kidney injury renal toxicity mitochondria oxidative damage proximal tubule Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8d17f709407e4f34b6b8b0777657db56
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8d17f709407e4f34b6b8b0777657db562021-11-25T16:52:07ZCadmium-Induced Kidney Injury: Oxidative Damage as a Unifying Mechanism10.3390/biom111115752218-273Xhttps://doaj.org/article/8d17f709407e4f34b6b8b0777657db562021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/11/1575https://doaj.org/toc/2218-273XCadmium is a nonessential metal that has heavily polluted the environment due to human activities. It can be absorbed into the human body via the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and the skin, and can cause chronic damage to the kidneys. The main site where cadmium accumulates and causes damage within the nephrons is the proximal tubule. This accumulation can induce dysfunction of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, leading to electron leakage and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cadmium may also impair the function of NADPH oxidase, resulting in another source of ROS. These ROS together can cause oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, triggering epithelial cell death and a decline in kidney function. In this article, we also reviewed evidence that the antioxidant power of plant extracts, herbal medicines, and pharmacological agents could ameliorate cadmium-induced kidney injury. Finally, a model of cadmium-induced kidney injury, centering on the notion that oxidative damage is a unifying mechanism of cadmium renal toxicity, is also presented. Given that cadmium exposure is inevitable, further studies using animal models are warranted for a detailed understanding of the mechanism underlying cadmium induced ROS production, and for the identification of more therapeutic targets.Liang-Jun YanDaniel C. AllenMDPI AGarticlecadmiumkidney injuryrenal toxicitymitochondriaoxidative damageproximal tubuleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENBiomolecules, Vol 11, Iss 1575, p 1575 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	cadmium kidney injury renal toxicity mitochondria oxidative damage proximal tubule Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	cadmium kidney injury renal toxicity mitochondria oxidative damage proximal tubule Microbiology QR1-502 Liang-Jun Yan Daniel C. Allen Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury: Oxidative Damage as a Unifying Mechanism
description	Cadmium is a nonessential metal that has heavily polluted the environment due to human activities. It can be absorbed into the human body via the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and the skin, and can cause chronic damage to the kidneys. The main site where cadmium accumulates and causes damage within the nephrons is the proximal tubule. This accumulation can induce dysfunction of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, leading to electron leakage and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cadmium may also impair the function of NADPH oxidase, resulting in another source of ROS. These ROS together can cause oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, triggering epithelial cell death and a decline in kidney function. In this article, we also reviewed evidence that the antioxidant power of plant extracts, herbal medicines, and pharmacological agents could ameliorate cadmium-induced kidney injury. Finally, a model of cadmium-induced kidney injury, centering on the notion that oxidative damage is a unifying mechanism of cadmium renal toxicity, is also presented. Given that cadmium exposure is inevitable, further studies using animal models are warranted for a detailed understanding of the mechanism underlying cadmium induced ROS production, and for the identification of more therapeutic targets.
format	article
author	Liang-Jun Yan Daniel C. Allen
author_facet	Liang-Jun Yan Daniel C. Allen
author_sort	Liang-Jun Yan
title	Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury: Oxidative Damage as a Unifying Mechanism
title_short	Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury: Oxidative Damage as a Unifying Mechanism
title_full	Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury: Oxidative Damage as a Unifying Mechanism
title_fullStr	Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury: Oxidative Damage as a Unifying Mechanism
title_full_unstemmed	Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury: Oxidative Damage as a Unifying Mechanism
title_sort	cadmium-induced kidney injury: oxidative damage as a unifying mechanism
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8d17f709407e4f34b6b8b0777657db56
work_keys_str_mv	AT liangjunyan cadmiuminducedkidneyinjuryoxidativedamageasaunifyingmechanism AT danielcallen cadmiuminducedkidneyinjuryoxidativedamageasaunifyingmechanism
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Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury: Oxidative Damage as a Unifying Mechanism

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