Validation of an Echidna Forelimb Musculoskeletal Model Using XROMM and diceCT

In evolutionary biomechanics, musculoskeletal computer models of extant and extinct taxa are often used to estimate joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle moment arms (MMAs), two parameters which form the basis of functional inferences. However, relatively few experimental studies have been performe...

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Autores principales:	Sophie Regnault, Philip Fahn-Lai, Stephanie E. Pierce
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	muscle moment arm range of motion SIMM joint mobility translation Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8dbeeb3a969f445c8db9cdc98c078494
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8dbeeb3a969f445c8db9cdc98c0784942021-11-08T07:12:40ZValidation of an Echidna Forelimb Musculoskeletal Model Using XROMM and diceCT2296-418510.3389/fbioe.2021.751518https://doaj.org/article/8dbeeb3a969f445c8db9cdc98c0784942021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.751518/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-4185In evolutionary biomechanics, musculoskeletal computer models of extant and extinct taxa are often used to estimate joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle moment arms (MMAs), two parameters which form the basis of functional inferences. However, relatively few experimental studies have been performed to validate model outputs. Previously, we built a model of the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) forelimb using a traditional modelling workflow, and in this study we evaluate its behaviour and outputs using experimental data. The echidna is an unusual animal representing an edge-case for model validation: it uses a unique form of sprawling locomotion, and possesses a suite of derived anatomical features, in addition to other features reminiscent of extinct early relatives of mammals. Here we use diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) alongside digital and traditional dissection to evaluate muscle attachments, modelled muscle paths, and the effects of model alterations on the MMA outputs. We use X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) to compare ex vivo joint ROM to model estimates based on osteological limits predicted via single-axis rotation, and to calculate experimental MMAs from implanted muscles using a novel geometric method. We also add additional levels of model detail, in the form of muscle architecture, to evaluate how muscle torque might alter the inferences made from MMAs alone, as is typical in evolutionary studies. Our study identifies several key findings that can be applied to future models. 1) A light-touch approach to model building can generate reasonably accurate muscle paths, and small alterations in attachment site seem to have minimal effects on model output. 2) Simultaneous movement through multiple degrees of freedom, including rotations and translation at joints, are necessary to ensure full joint ROM is captured; however, single-axis ROM can provide a reasonable approximation of mobility depending on the modelling objectives. 3) Our geometric method of calculating MMAs is consistent with model-predicted MMAs calculated via partial velocity, and is a potentially useful tool for others to create and validate musculoskeletal models. 4) Inclusion of muscle architecture data can change some functional inferences, but in many cases reinforced conclusions based on MMA alone.Sophie RegnaultSophie RegnaultPhilip Fahn-LaiPhilip Fahn-LaiStephanie E. PierceFrontiers Media S.A.articlemuscle moment armrange of motionSIMMjointmobilitytranslationBiotechnologyTP248.13-248.65ENFrontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	muscle moment arm range of motion SIMM joint mobility translation Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
spellingShingle	muscle moment arm range of motion SIMM joint mobility translation Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65 Sophie Regnault Sophie Regnault Philip Fahn-Lai Philip Fahn-Lai Stephanie E. Pierce Validation of an Echidna Forelimb Musculoskeletal Model Using XROMM and diceCT
description	In evolutionary biomechanics, musculoskeletal computer models of extant and extinct taxa are often used to estimate joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle moment arms (MMAs), two parameters which form the basis of functional inferences. However, relatively few experimental studies have been performed to validate model outputs. Previously, we built a model of the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) forelimb using a traditional modelling workflow, and in this study we evaluate its behaviour and outputs using experimental data. The echidna is an unusual animal representing an edge-case for model validation: it uses a unique form of sprawling locomotion, and possesses a suite of derived anatomical features, in addition to other features reminiscent of extinct early relatives of mammals. Here we use diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) alongside digital and traditional dissection to evaluate muscle attachments, modelled muscle paths, and the effects of model alterations on the MMA outputs. We use X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) to compare ex vivo joint ROM to model estimates based on osteological limits predicted via single-axis rotation, and to calculate experimental MMAs from implanted muscles using a novel geometric method. We also add additional levels of model detail, in the form of muscle architecture, to evaluate how muscle torque might alter the inferences made from MMAs alone, as is typical in evolutionary studies. Our study identifies several key findings that can be applied to future models. 1) A light-touch approach to model building can generate reasonably accurate muscle paths, and small alterations in attachment site seem to have minimal effects on model output. 2) Simultaneous movement through multiple degrees of freedom, including rotations and translation at joints, are necessary to ensure full joint ROM is captured; however, single-axis ROM can provide a reasonable approximation of mobility depending on the modelling objectives. 3) Our geometric method of calculating MMAs is consistent with model-predicted MMAs calculated via partial velocity, and is a potentially useful tool for others to create and validate musculoskeletal models. 4) Inclusion of muscle architecture data can change some functional inferences, but in many cases reinforced conclusions based on MMA alone.
format	article
author	Sophie Regnault Sophie Regnault Philip Fahn-Lai Philip Fahn-Lai Stephanie E. Pierce
author_facet	Sophie Regnault Sophie Regnault Philip Fahn-Lai Philip Fahn-Lai Stephanie E. Pierce
author_sort	Sophie Regnault
title	Validation of an Echidna Forelimb Musculoskeletal Model Using XROMM and diceCT
title_short	Validation of an Echidna Forelimb Musculoskeletal Model Using XROMM and diceCT
title_full	Validation of an Echidna Forelimb Musculoskeletal Model Using XROMM and diceCT
title_fullStr	Validation of an Echidna Forelimb Musculoskeletal Model Using XROMM and diceCT
title_full_unstemmed	Validation of an Echidna Forelimb Musculoskeletal Model Using XROMM and diceCT
title_sort	validation of an echidna forelimb musculoskeletal model using xromm and dicect
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8dbeeb3a969f445c8db9cdc98c078494
work_keys_str_mv	AT sophieregnault validationofanechidnaforelimbmusculoskeletalmodelusingxrommanddicect AT sophieregnault validationofanechidnaforelimbmusculoskeletalmodelusingxrommanddicect AT philipfahnlai validationofanechidnaforelimbmusculoskeletalmodelusingxrommanddicect AT philipfahnlai validationofanechidnaforelimbmusculoskeletalmodelusingxrommanddicect AT stephanieepierce validationofanechidnaforelimbmusculoskeletalmodelusingxrommanddicect
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Validation of an Echidna Forelimb Musculoskeletal Model Using XROMM and diceCT

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