Chitosan Coating Enriched With Ruta graveolens L. Essential Oil Reduces Postharvest Anthracnose of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) and Modulates Defense-Related Gene Expression

Anthracnose of papaya (Carica papaya L.) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum spp. is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases. Coating with chitosan (CS) and Ruta graveolens essential oil (REO) might represent a novel eco-friendly method to prevent postharvest anthracnose infectio...

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Autores principales:	Lucia Landi, Yeimmy Peralta-Ruiz, Clemencia Chaves-López, Gianfranco Romanazzi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	chitosan essential oils gene expression induced resistance RT-qPCR Plant culture SB1-1110
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8e10b1ad1d794af8a5ad5fa8c44cbd35
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8e10b1ad1d794af8a5ad5fa8c44cbd352021-11-11T10:21:13ZChitosan Coating Enriched With Ruta graveolens L. Essential Oil Reduces Postharvest Anthracnose of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) and Modulates Defense-Related Gene Expression1664-462X10.3389/fpls.2021.765806https://doaj.org/article/8e10b1ad1d794af8a5ad5fa8c44cbd352021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.765806/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-462XAnthracnose of papaya (Carica papaya L.) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum spp. is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases. Coating with chitosan (CS) and Ruta graveolens essential oil (REO) might represent a novel eco-friendly method to prevent postharvest anthracnose infection. These compounds show both antimicrobial and eliciting activities, although the molecular mechanisms in papaya have not been investigated to date. In this study, the effectiveness of CS and REO alone and combined (CS-REO) on postharvest anthracnose of papaya fruit during storage were investigated, along with the expression of selected genes involved in plant defense mechanisms. Anthracnose incidence was reduced with CS, REO, and CS-REO emulsions after 9 days storage at 25°C, by 8, 21, and 37%, respectively, with disease severity reduced by 22, 29, and 44%, respectively. Thus, McKinney’s decay index was reduced by 22, 30, and 44%, respectively. A protocol based on reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was validated for 17 papaya target genes linked to signaling pathways that regulate plant defense, pathogenesis-related protein, cell wall-degrading enzymes, oxidative stress, abiotic stress, and the phenylpropanoid pathway. CS induced gene upregulation mainly at 6 h posttreatment (hpt) and 48 hpt, while REO induced the highest upregulation at 0.5 hpt, which then decreased over time. Furthermore, CS-REO treatment delayed gene upregulation by REO alone, from 0.5 to 6 hpt, and kept that longer over time. This study suggests that CS stabilizes the volatile and/or hydrophobic substances of highly reactive essential oils. The additive effects of CS and REO were able to reduce postharvest decay and affect gene expression in papaya fruit.Lucia LandiYeimmy Peralta-RuizYeimmy Peralta-RuizClemencia Chaves-LópezGianfranco RomanazziFrontiers Media S.A.articlechitosanessential oilsgene expressioninduced resistanceRT-qPCRPlant cultureSB1-1110ENFrontiers in Plant Science, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	chitosan essential oils gene expression induced resistance RT-qPCR Plant culture SB1-1110
spellingShingle	chitosan essential oils gene expression induced resistance RT-qPCR Plant culture SB1-1110 Lucia Landi Yeimmy Peralta-Ruiz Yeimmy Peralta-Ruiz Clemencia Chaves-López Gianfranco Romanazzi Chitosan Coating Enriched With Ruta graveolens L. Essential Oil Reduces Postharvest Anthracnose of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) and Modulates Defense-Related Gene Expression
description	Anthracnose of papaya (Carica papaya L.) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum spp. is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases. Coating with chitosan (CS) and Ruta graveolens essential oil (REO) might represent a novel eco-friendly method to prevent postharvest anthracnose infection. These compounds show both antimicrobial and eliciting activities, although the molecular mechanisms in papaya have not been investigated to date. In this study, the effectiveness of CS and REO alone and combined (CS-REO) on postharvest anthracnose of papaya fruit during storage were investigated, along with the expression of selected genes involved in plant defense mechanisms. Anthracnose incidence was reduced with CS, REO, and CS-REO emulsions after 9 days storage at 25°C, by 8, 21, and 37%, respectively, with disease severity reduced by 22, 29, and 44%, respectively. Thus, McKinney’s decay index was reduced by 22, 30, and 44%, respectively. A protocol based on reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was validated for 17 papaya target genes linked to signaling pathways that regulate plant defense, pathogenesis-related protein, cell wall-degrading enzymes, oxidative stress, abiotic stress, and the phenylpropanoid pathway. CS induced gene upregulation mainly at 6 h posttreatment (hpt) and 48 hpt, while REO induced the highest upregulation at 0.5 hpt, which then decreased over time. Furthermore, CS-REO treatment delayed gene upregulation by REO alone, from 0.5 to 6 hpt, and kept that longer over time. This study suggests that CS stabilizes the volatile and/or hydrophobic substances of highly reactive essential oils. The additive effects of CS and REO were able to reduce postharvest decay and affect gene expression in papaya fruit.
format	article
author	Lucia Landi Yeimmy Peralta-Ruiz Yeimmy Peralta-Ruiz Clemencia Chaves-López Gianfranco Romanazzi
author_facet	Lucia Landi Yeimmy Peralta-Ruiz Yeimmy Peralta-Ruiz Clemencia Chaves-López Gianfranco Romanazzi
author_sort	Lucia Landi
title	Chitosan Coating Enriched With Ruta graveolens L. Essential Oil Reduces Postharvest Anthracnose of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) and Modulates Defense-Related Gene Expression
title_short	Chitosan Coating Enriched With Ruta graveolens L. Essential Oil Reduces Postharvest Anthracnose of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) and Modulates Defense-Related Gene Expression
title_full	Chitosan Coating Enriched With Ruta graveolens L. Essential Oil Reduces Postharvest Anthracnose of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) and Modulates Defense-Related Gene Expression
title_fullStr	Chitosan Coating Enriched With Ruta graveolens L. Essential Oil Reduces Postharvest Anthracnose of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) and Modulates Defense-Related Gene Expression
title_full_unstemmed	Chitosan Coating Enriched With Ruta graveolens L. Essential Oil Reduces Postharvest Anthracnose of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) and Modulates Defense-Related Gene Expression
title_sort	chitosan coating enriched with ruta graveolens l. essential oil reduces postharvest anthracnose of papaya (carica papaya l.) and modulates defense-related gene expression
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8e10b1ad1d794af8a5ad5fa8c44cbd35
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Chitosan Coating Enriched With Ruta graveolens L. Essential Oil Reduces Postharvest Anthracnose of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) and Modulates Defense-Related Gene Expression

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