Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent inhibitors of synaptic vesicle fusion and transmitter release. The natural target of BoNTs is the peripheral neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where, by blocking the release of acetylcholine (ACh), they functionally denervate muscles and alter muscle tone. This le...

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Autor principal:	Siro Luvisetto
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	botulinum peripheral nervous system central nervous system animal models humans Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8e25d6a9b4a4465681a4f0f2dcf7035f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8e25d6a9b4a4465681a4f0f2dcf7035f2021-11-25T19:08:33ZBotulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy10.3390/toxins131107512072-6651https://doaj.org/article/8e25d6a9b4a4465681a4f0f2dcf7035f2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/751https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent inhibitors of synaptic vesicle fusion and transmitter release. The natural target of BoNTs is the peripheral neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where, by blocking the release of acetylcholine (ACh), they functionally denervate muscles and alter muscle tone. This leads them to be an excellent drug for the therapy of muscle hyperactivity disorders, such as dystonia, spasticity, and many other movement disorders. BoNTs are also effective in inhibiting both the release of ACh at sites other than NMJ and the release of neurotransmitters other than ACh. Furthermore, much evidence shows that BoNTs can act not only on the peripheral nervous system (PNS), but also on the central nervous system (CNS). Under this view, central changes may result either from sensory input from the PNS, from retrograde transport of BoNTs, or from direct injection of BoNTs into the CNS. The aim of this review is to give an update on available data, both from animal models or human studies, which suggest or confirm central alterations induced by peripheral or central BoNTs treatment. The data will be discussed with particular attention to the possible therapeutic applications to pathological conditions and degenerative diseases of the CNS.Siro LuvisettoMDPI AGarticlebotulinumperipheral nervous systemcentral nervous systemanimal modelshumansMedicineRENToxins, Vol 13, Iss 751, p 751 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	botulinum peripheral nervous system central nervous system animal models humans Medicine R
spellingShingle	botulinum peripheral nervous system central nervous system animal models humans Medicine R Siro Luvisetto Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy
description	Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent inhibitors of synaptic vesicle fusion and transmitter release. The natural target of BoNTs is the peripheral neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where, by blocking the release of acetylcholine (ACh), they functionally denervate muscles and alter muscle tone. This leads them to be an excellent drug for the therapy of muscle hyperactivity disorders, such as dystonia, spasticity, and many other movement disorders. BoNTs are also effective in inhibiting both the release of ACh at sites other than NMJ and the release of neurotransmitters other than ACh. Furthermore, much evidence shows that BoNTs can act not only on the peripheral nervous system (PNS), but also on the central nervous system (CNS). Under this view, central changes may result either from sensory input from the PNS, from retrograde transport of BoNTs, or from direct injection of BoNTs into the CNS. The aim of this review is to give an update on available data, both from animal models or human studies, which suggest or confirm central alterations induced by peripheral or central BoNTs treatment. The data will be discussed with particular attention to the possible therapeutic applications to pathological conditions and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
format	article
author	Siro Luvisetto
author_facet	Siro Luvisetto
author_sort	Siro Luvisetto
title	Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy
title_short	Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy
title_full	Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy
title_fullStr	Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy
title_full_unstemmed	Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy
title_sort	botulinum neurotoxins in central nervous system: an overview from animal models to human therapy
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8e25d6a9b4a4465681a4f0f2dcf7035f
work_keys_str_mv	AT siroluvisetto botulinumneurotoxinsincentralnervoussystemanoverviewfromanimalmodelstohumantherapy
_version_	1718410230460579840

Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy

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