Studying the Symbiotic Bacterium <named-content content-type="genus-species">Xenorhabdus nematophila</named-content> in Individual, Living <italic toggle="yes">Steinernema carpocapsae</italic> Nematodes Using Microfluidic Systems

ABSTRACT Animal-microbe symbioses are ubiquitous in nature and scientifically important in diverse areas, including ecology, medicine, and agriculture. Steinernema nematodes and Xenorhabdus bacteria compose an established, successful model system for investigating microbial pathogenesis and mutualis...

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Autores principales:	Matthew D. Stilwell, Mengyi Cao, Heidi Goodrich-Blair, Douglas B. Weibel
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2018
Materias:	Steinernema nematodes Xenorhabdus nematophila bacterial single-cell analysis host-microbe interactions microfluidics mutualism Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8e93acfdf6984c6fa06c7771b85b234e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8e93acfdf6984c6fa06c7771b85b234e2021-11-15T15:22:01ZStudying the Symbiotic Bacterium <named-content content-type="genus-species">Xenorhabdus nematophila</named-content> in Individual, Living <italic toggle="yes">Steinernema carpocapsae</italic> Nematodes Using Microfluidic Systems10.1128/mSphere.00530-172379-5042https://doaj.org/article/8e93acfdf6984c6fa06c7771b85b234e2018-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00530-17https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Animal-microbe symbioses are ubiquitous in nature and scientifically important in diverse areas, including ecology, medicine, and agriculture. Steinernema nematodes and Xenorhabdus bacteria compose an established, successful model system for investigating microbial pathogenesis and mutualism. The bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila is a species-specific mutualist of insect-infecting Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes. The bacterium colonizes a specialized intestinal pocket within the infective stage of the nematode, which transports the bacteria between insects that are killed and consumed by the pair for reproduction. Current understanding of the interaction between the infective-stage nematode and its bacterial colonizers is based largely on population-level, snapshot time point studies on these organisms. This limitation arises because investigating temporal dynamics of the bacterium within the nematode is impeded by the difficulty of isolating and maintaining individual living nematodes and tracking colonizing bacterial cells over time. To overcome this challenge, we developed a microfluidic system that enables us to spatially isolate and microscopically observe individual, living Steinernema nematodes and monitor the growth and development of the associated X. nematophila bacterial communities—starting from a single cell or a few cells—over weeks. Our data demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first direct, temporal, in vivo visual analysis of a symbiosis system and the application of this system to reveal continuous dynamics of the symbiont population in the living host animal. IMPORTANCE This paper describes an experimental system for directly investigating population dynamics of a symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, in its host—the infective stage of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Tracking individual and groups of bacteria in individual host nematodes over days and weeks yielded insight into dynamic growth and topology changes of symbiotic bacterial populations within infective juvenile nematodes. Our approach for studying symbioses between bacteria and nematodes provides a system to investigate long-term host-microbe interactions in individual nematodes and extrapolate the lessons learned to other bacterium-animal interactions.Matthew D. StilwellMengyi CaoHeidi Goodrich-BlairDouglas B. WeibelAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleSteinernema nematodesXenorhabdus nematophilabacterial single-cell analysishost-microbe interactionsmicrofluidicsmutualismMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 3, Iss 1 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Steinernema nematodes Xenorhabdus nematophila bacterial single-cell analysis host-microbe interactions microfluidics mutualism Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Steinernema nematodes Xenorhabdus nematophila bacterial single-cell analysis host-microbe interactions microfluidics mutualism Microbiology QR1-502 Matthew D. Stilwell Mengyi Cao Heidi Goodrich-Blair Douglas B. Weibel Studying the Symbiotic Bacterium <named-content content-type="genus-species">Xenorhabdus nematophila</named-content> in Individual, Living <italic toggle="yes">Steinernema carpocapsae</italic> Nematodes Using Microfluidic Systems
description	ABSTRACT Animal-microbe symbioses are ubiquitous in nature and scientifically important in diverse areas, including ecology, medicine, and agriculture. Steinernema nematodes and Xenorhabdus bacteria compose an established, successful model system for investigating microbial pathogenesis and mutualism. The bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila is a species-specific mutualist of insect-infecting Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes. The bacterium colonizes a specialized intestinal pocket within the infective stage of the nematode, which transports the bacteria between insects that are killed and consumed by the pair for reproduction. Current understanding of the interaction between the infective-stage nematode and its bacterial colonizers is based largely on population-level, snapshot time point studies on these organisms. This limitation arises because investigating temporal dynamics of the bacterium within the nematode is impeded by the difficulty of isolating and maintaining individual living nematodes and tracking colonizing bacterial cells over time. To overcome this challenge, we developed a microfluidic system that enables us to spatially isolate and microscopically observe individual, living Steinernema nematodes and monitor the growth and development of the associated X. nematophila bacterial communities—starting from a single cell or a few cells—over weeks. Our data demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first direct, temporal, in vivo visual analysis of a symbiosis system and the application of this system to reveal continuous dynamics of the symbiont population in the living host animal. IMPORTANCE This paper describes an experimental system for directly investigating population dynamics of a symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, in its host—the infective stage of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Tracking individual and groups of bacteria in individual host nematodes over days and weeks yielded insight into dynamic growth and topology changes of symbiotic bacterial populations within infective juvenile nematodes. Our approach for studying symbioses between bacteria and nematodes provides a system to investigate long-term host-microbe interactions in individual nematodes and extrapolate the lessons learned to other bacterium-animal interactions.
format	article
author	Matthew D. Stilwell Mengyi Cao Heidi Goodrich-Blair Douglas B. Weibel
author_facet	Matthew D. Stilwell Mengyi Cao Heidi Goodrich-Blair Douglas B. Weibel
author_sort	Matthew D. Stilwell
title	Studying the Symbiotic Bacterium <named-content content-type="genus-species">Xenorhabdus nematophila</named-content> in Individual, Living <italic toggle="yes">Steinernema carpocapsae</italic> Nematodes Using Microfluidic Systems
title_short	Studying the Symbiotic Bacterium <named-content content-type="genus-species">Xenorhabdus nematophila</named-content> in Individual, Living <italic toggle="yes">Steinernema carpocapsae</italic> Nematodes Using Microfluidic Systems
title_full	Studying the Symbiotic Bacterium <named-content content-type="genus-species">Xenorhabdus nematophila</named-content> in Individual, Living <italic toggle="yes">Steinernema carpocapsae</italic> Nematodes Using Microfluidic Systems
title_fullStr	Studying the Symbiotic Bacterium <named-content content-type="genus-species">Xenorhabdus nematophila</named-content> in Individual, Living <italic toggle="yes">Steinernema carpocapsae</italic> Nematodes Using Microfluidic Systems
title_full_unstemmed	Studying the Symbiotic Bacterium <named-content content-type="genus-species">Xenorhabdus nematophila</named-content> in Individual, Living <italic toggle="yes">Steinernema carpocapsae</italic> Nematodes Using Microfluidic Systems
title_sort	studying the symbiotic bacterium <named-content content-type="genus-species">xenorhabdus nematophila</named-content> in individual, living <italic toggle="yes">steinernema carpocapsae</italic> nematodes using microfluidic systems
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/8e93acfdf6984c6fa06c7771b85b234e
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Studying the Symbiotic Bacterium <named-content content-type="genus-species">Xenorhabdus nematophila</named-content> in Individual, Living <italic toggle="yes">Steinernema carpocapsae</italic> Nematodes Using Microfluidic Systems

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