Macrophage Reprogramming and Cancer Therapeutics: Role of iNOS-Derived NO

Nitric oxide and its production by iNOS is an established mechanism critical to tumor promotion or suppression. Macrophages have important roles in immunity, development, and progression of cancer and have a controversial role in pro- and antitumoral effects. The tumor microenvironment consists of t...

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Autores principales:	Khosrow Kashfi, Jasmine Kannikal, Niharika Nath
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	nitric oxide iNOS tumor-associated macrophage M1 M2 miRNA Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8ea92f564ac84f3fb5ae098ed7d8547f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8ea92f564ac84f3fb5ae098ed7d8547f2021-11-25T17:12:41ZMacrophage Reprogramming and Cancer Therapeutics: Role of iNOS-Derived NO10.3390/cells101131942073-4409https://doaj.org/article/8ea92f564ac84f3fb5ae098ed7d8547f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3194https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409Nitric oxide and its production by iNOS is an established mechanism critical to tumor promotion or suppression. Macrophages have important roles in immunity, development, and progression of cancer and have a controversial role in pro- and antitumoral effects. The tumor microenvironment consists of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), among other cell types that influence the fate of the growing tumor. Depending on the microenvironment and various cues, macrophages polarize into a continuum represented by the M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype or the anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype; these two are predominant, while there are subsets and intermediates. Manipulating their plasticity through programming or reprogramming of M2-like to M1-like phenotypes presents the opportunity to maximize tumoricidal defenses. The dual role of iNOS-derived NO also influences TAM activity by repolarization to tumoricidal M1-type phenotype. Regulatory pathways and immunomodulation achieve this through miRNA that may inhibit the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the classical physiology of macrophages and polarization, iNOS activities, and evidence towards TAM reprogramming with current information in glioblastoma and melanoma models, and the immunomodulatory and therapeutic options using iNOS or NO-dependent strategies.Khosrow KashfiJasmine KannikalNiharika NathMDPI AGarticlenitric oxideiNOStumor-associated macrophageM1M2miRNABiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 3194, p 3194 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	nitric oxide iNOS tumor-associated macrophage M1 M2 miRNA Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	nitric oxide iNOS tumor-associated macrophage M1 M2 miRNA Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Khosrow Kashfi Jasmine Kannikal Niharika Nath Macrophage Reprogramming and Cancer Therapeutics: Role of iNOS-Derived NO
description	Nitric oxide and its production by iNOS is an established mechanism critical to tumor promotion or suppression. Macrophages have important roles in immunity, development, and progression of cancer and have a controversial role in pro- and antitumoral effects. The tumor microenvironment consists of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), among other cell types that influence the fate of the growing tumor. Depending on the microenvironment and various cues, macrophages polarize into a continuum represented by the M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype or the anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype; these two are predominant, while there are subsets and intermediates. Manipulating their plasticity through programming or reprogramming of M2-like to M1-like phenotypes presents the opportunity to maximize tumoricidal defenses. The dual role of iNOS-derived NO also influences TAM activity by repolarization to tumoricidal M1-type phenotype. Regulatory pathways and immunomodulation achieve this through miRNA that may inhibit the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the classical physiology of macrophages and polarization, iNOS activities, and evidence towards TAM reprogramming with current information in glioblastoma and melanoma models, and the immunomodulatory and therapeutic options using iNOS or NO-dependent strategies.
format	article
author	Khosrow Kashfi Jasmine Kannikal Niharika Nath
author_facet	Khosrow Kashfi Jasmine Kannikal Niharika Nath
author_sort	Khosrow Kashfi
title	Macrophage Reprogramming and Cancer Therapeutics: Role of iNOS-Derived NO
title_short	Macrophage Reprogramming and Cancer Therapeutics: Role of iNOS-Derived NO
title_full	Macrophage Reprogramming and Cancer Therapeutics: Role of iNOS-Derived NO
title_fullStr	Macrophage Reprogramming and Cancer Therapeutics: Role of iNOS-Derived NO
title_full_unstemmed	Macrophage Reprogramming and Cancer Therapeutics: Role of iNOS-Derived NO
title_sort	macrophage reprogramming and cancer therapeutics: role of inos-derived no
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8ea92f564ac84f3fb5ae098ed7d8547f
work_keys_str_mv	AT khosrowkashfi macrophagereprogrammingandcancertherapeuticsroleofinosderivedno AT jasminekannikal macrophagereprogrammingandcancertherapeuticsroleofinosderivedno AT niharikanath macrophagereprogrammingandcancertherapeuticsroleofinosderivedno
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Macrophage Reprogramming and Cancer Therapeutics: Role of iNOS-Derived NO

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