Radio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti) from 2 to 240 GHz

Fifth generation networks (5G) will be associated with a partial shift to higher carrier frequencies, including wavelengths comparable in size to insects. This may lead to higher absorption of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) by insects and could cause dielectric heating. The yellow...

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Autores principales:	Eline De Borre, Wout Joseph, Reza Aminzadeh, Pie Müller, Matthieu N. Boone, Iván Josipovic, Sina Hashemizadeh, Niels Kuster, Sven Kühn, Arno Thielens
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8ef4ff735ec14f36bf1e43c2eda46656
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8ef4ff735ec14f36bf1e43c2eda466562021-11-18T05:49:15ZRadio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti) from 2 to 240 GHz1553-734X1553-7358https://doaj.org/article/8ef4ff735ec14f36bf1e43c2eda466562021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8577778/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-734Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7358Fifth generation networks (5G) will be associated with a partial shift to higher carrier frequencies, including wavelengths comparable in size to insects. This may lead to higher absorption of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) by insects and could cause dielectric heating. The yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti), a vector for diseases such as yellow and dengue fever, favors warm climates. Being exposed to higher frequency RF EMFs causing possible dielectric heating, could have an influence on behavior, physiology and morphology, and could be a possible factor for introduction of the species in regions where the yellow fever mosquito normally does not appear. In this study, the influence of far field RF exposure on A. aegypti was examined between 2 and 240 GHz. Using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations, the distribution of the electric field in and around the insect and the absorbed RF power were found for six different mosquito models (three male, three female). The 3D models were created from micro-CT scans of real mosquitoes. The dielectric properties used in the simulation were measured from a mixture of homogenized A. aegypti. For a given incident RF power, the absorption increases with increasing frequency between 2 and 90 GHz with a maximum between 90 and 240 GHz. The absorption was maximal in the region where the wavelength matches the size of the mosquito. For a same incident field strength, the power absorption by the mosquito is 16 times higher at 60 GHz than at 6 GHz. The higher absorption of RF power by future technologies can result in dielectric heating and potentially influence the biology of this mosquito. Author summary Radio Frequency (RF) exposure of the A. aegypti mosquito can lead to absorption and dielectric heating. We used Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations between 2 and 240 GHz to study the RF power absorbed by the insect and the distribution of the electric field (EF) in and around it. For this, three male and three female mosquito 3D models were constructed from micro-CT scans. We used high resolution models and dielectric properties, both retrieved from real insects, to gain realistic outputs. For increasing frequency up to 90 GHz, the absorbed power increases for all models. At 90–120 GHz, the wavelength is comparable to the body size, and the increase in absorbed powers reaches a maximum. Therefore, moving to higher frequencies in 5G, implies higher absorbed power and possibly higher dielectric heating of the insect.Eline De BorreWout JosephReza AminzadehPie MüllerMatthieu N. BooneIván JosipovicSina HashemizadehNiels KusterSven KühnArno ThielensPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Computational Biology, Vol 17, Iss 10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Eline De Borre Wout Joseph Reza Aminzadeh Pie Müller Matthieu N. Boone Iván Josipovic Sina Hashemizadeh Niels Kuster Sven Kühn Arno Thielens Radio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti) from 2 to 240 GHz
description	Fifth generation networks (5G) will be associated with a partial shift to higher carrier frequencies, including wavelengths comparable in size to insects. This may lead to higher absorption of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) by insects and could cause dielectric heating. The yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti), a vector for diseases such as yellow and dengue fever, favors warm climates. Being exposed to higher frequency RF EMFs causing possible dielectric heating, could have an influence on behavior, physiology and morphology, and could be a possible factor for introduction of the species in regions where the yellow fever mosquito normally does not appear. In this study, the influence of far field RF exposure on A. aegypti was examined between 2 and 240 GHz. Using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations, the distribution of the electric field in and around the insect and the absorbed RF power were found for six different mosquito models (three male, three female). The 3D models were created from micro-CT scans of real mosquitoes. The dielectric properties used in the simulation were measured from a mixture of homogenized A. aegypti. For a given incident RF power, the absorption increases with increasing frequency between 2 and 90 GHz with a maximum between 90 and 240 GHz. The absorption was maximal in the region where the wavelength matches the size of the mosquito. For a same incident field strength, the power absorption by the mosquito is 16 times higher at 60 GHz than at 6 GHz. The higher absorption of RF power by future technologies can result in dielectric heating and potentially influence the biology of this mosquito. Author summary Radio Frequency (RF) exposure of the A. aegypti mosquito can lead to absorption and dielectric heating. We used Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations between 2 and 240 GHz to study the RF power absorbed by the insect and the distribution of the electric field (EF) in and around it. For this, three male and three female mosquito 3D models were constructed from micro-CT scans. We used high resolution models and dielectric properties, both retrieved from real insects, to gain realistic outputs. For increasing frequency up to 90 GHz, the absorbed power increases for all models. At 90–120 GHz, the wavelength is comparable to the body size, and the increase in absorbed powers reaches a maximum. Therefore, moving to higher frequencies in 5G, implies higher absorbed power and possibly higher dielectric heating of the insect.
format	article
author	Eline De Borre Wout Joseph Reza Aminzadeh Pie Müller Matthieu N. Boone Iván Josipovic Sina Hashemizadeh Niels Kuster Sven Kühn Arno Thielens
author_facet	Eline De Borre Wout Joseph Reza Aminzadeh Pie Müller Matthieu N. Boone Iván Josipovic Sina Hashemizadeh Niels Kuster Sven Kühn Arno Thielens
author_sort	Eline De Borre
title	Radio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti) from 2 to 240 GHz
title_short	Radio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti) from 2 to 240 GHz
title_full	Radio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti) from 2 to 240 GHz
title_fullStr	Radio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti) from 2 to 240 GHz
title_full_unstemmed	Radio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti) from 2 to 240 GHz
title_sort	radio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (a. aegypti) from 2 to 240 ghz
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8ef4ff735ec14f36bf1e43c2eda46656
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Radio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti) from 2 to 240 GHz

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