Sex allocation in a polyembryonic parasitoid with female soldiers: an evolutionary simulation and an experimental test.

Parasitoid wasps are convenient subjects for testing sex allocation theory. However, their intricate life histories are often insufficiently captured in simple analytical models. In the polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma koehleri, a clone of genetically identical offspring develops from each egg. Male cl...

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Autores principales:	Max Bügler, Polychronis Rempoulakis, Roei Shacham, Tamar Keasar, Frank Thuijsman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8f1ba849ec954cfcb9b3a67c25bd46c3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8f1ba849ec954cfcb9b3a67c25bd46c32021-11-18T07:43:16ZSex allocation in a polyembryonic parasitoid with female soldiers: an evolutionary simulation and an experimental test.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0064780https://doaj.org/article/8f1ba849ec954cfcb9b3a67c25bd46c32014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23755142/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Parasitoid wasps are convenient subjects for testing sex allocation theory. However, their intricate life histories are often insufficiently captured in simple analytical models. In the polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma koehleri, a clone of genetically identical offspring develops from each egg. Male clones contain fewer individuals than female clones. Some female larvae develop into soldiers that kill within-host competitors, while males do not form soldiers. These features complicate the prediction of Copidosoma's sex allocation. We developed an individual-based simulation model, where numerous random starting strategies compete and recombine until a single stable sex allocation evolves. Life-history parameter values (e.g., fecundity, clone-sizes, larval survival) are estimated from experimental data. The model predicts a male-biased sex allocation, which becomes more extreme as the probability of superparasitism (hosts parasitized more than once) increases. To test this prediction, we reared adult parasitoids at either low or high density, mated them, and presented them with unlimited hosts. As predicted, wasps produced more sons than daughters in all treatments. Males reared at high density (a potential cue for superparasitism) produced a higher male bias in their offspring than low-density males. Unexpectedly, female density did not affect offspring sex ratios. We discuss possible mechanisms for paternal control over offspring sex.Max BüglerPolychronis RempoulakisRoei ShachamTamar KeasarFrank ThuijsmanPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 6, p e64780 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Max Bügler Polychronis Rempoulakis Roei Shacham Tamar Keasar Frank Thuijsman Sex allocation in a polyembryonic parasitoid with female soldiers: an evolutionary simulation and an experimental test.
description	Parasitoid wasps are convenient subjects for testing sex allocation theory. However, their intricate life histories are often insufficiently captured in simple analytical models. In the polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma koehleri, a clone of genetically identical offspring develops from each egg. Male clones contain fewer individuals than female clones. Some female larvae develop into soldiers that kill within-host competitors, while males do not form soldiers. These features complicate the prediction of Copidosoma's sex allocation. We developed an individual-based simulation model, where numerous random starting strategies compete and recombine until a single stable sex allocation evolves. Life-history parameter values (e.g., fecundity, clone-sizes, larval survival) are estimated from experimental data. The model predicts a male-biased sex allocation, which becomes more extreme as the probability of superparasitism (hosts parasitized more than once) increases. To test this prediction, we reared adult parasitoids at either low or high density, mated them, and presented them with unlimited hosts. As predicted, wasps produced more sons than daughters in all treatments. Males reared at high density (a potential cue for superparasitism) produced a higher male bias in their offspring than low-density males. Unexpectedly, female density did not affect offspring sex ratios. We discuss possible mechanisms for paternal control over offspring sex.
format	article
author	Max Bügler Polychronis Rempoulakis Roei Shacham Tamar Keasar Frank Thuijsman
author_facet	Max Bügler Polychronis Rempoulakis Roei Shacham Tamar Keasar Frank Thuijsman
author_sort	Max Bügler
title	Sex allocation in a polyembryonic parasitoid with female soldiers: an evolutionary simulation and an experimental test.
title_short	Sex allocation in a polyembryonic parasitoid with female soldiers: an evolutionary simulation and an experimental test.
title_full	Sex allocation in a polyembryonic parasitoid with female soldiers: an evolutionary simulation and an experimental test.
title_fullStr	Sex allocation in a polyembryonic parasitoid with female soldiers: an evolutionary simulation and an experimental test.
title_full_unstemmed	Sex allocation in a polyembryonic parasitoid with female soldiers: an evolutionary simulation and an experimental test.
title_sort	sex allocation in a polyembryonic parasitoid with female soldiers: an evolutionary simulation and an experimental test.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/8f1ba849ec954cfcb9b3a67c25bd46c3
work_keys_str_mv	AT maxbugler sexallocationinapolyembryonicparasitoidwithfemalesoldiersanevolutionarysimulationandanexperimentaltest AT polychronisrempoulakis sexallocationinapolyembryonicparasitoidwithfemalesoldiersanevolutionarysimulationandanexperimentaltest AT roeishacham sexallocationinapolyembryonicparasitoidwithfemalesoldiersanevolutionarysimulationandanexperimentaltest AT tamarkeasar sexallocationinapolyembryonicparasitoidwithfemalesoldiersanevolutionarysimulationandanexperimentaltest AT frankthuijsman sexallocationinapolyembryonicparasitoidwithfemalesoldiersanevolutionarysimulationandanexperimentaltest
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Sex allocation in a polyembryonic parasitoid with female soldiers: an evolutionary simulation and an experimental test.

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