A validated method for the analysis and profiling of ‘nyaope’ using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry
Nyaope, a Tswana word for a mixture or ‘mish-mash’, describes a drug cocktail consisting of heroin, cannabis, and on occasion other controlled substances and warfarin. It is highly addictive with extremely unpleasant side effects caused by withdrawal from the drug. It is a problem drug especially i...
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Academy of Science of South Africa
2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:8f2997d6a4e54a5b9c6c8eb5203eb2532021-12-02T06:15:05ZA validated method for the analysis and profiling of ‘nyaope’ using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry10.17159/sajs.2021/87381996-7489https://doaj.org/article/8f2997d6a4e54a5b9c6c8eb5203eb2532021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://sajs.co.za/article/view/8738https://doaj.org/toc/1996-7489 Nyaope, a Tswana word for a mixture or ‘mish-mash’, describes a drug cocktail consisting of heroin, cannabis, and on occasion other controlled substances and warfarin. It is highly addictive with extremely unpleasant side effects caused by withdrawal from the drug. It is a problem drug especially in townships in South Africa. However, its prevalence in neighbouring southern African states and further afield is not yet known. There is currently no validated method for the analysis and comparison of nyaope. We describe a validated method for the gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis of nyaope so that within-batch and between-batch comparisons of nyaope can successfully be made for the first time. The validated method managed an accuracy within the range 80–120%, the precision was less than 20% for all analytes and managed linearity with R2≥0.99. The detection limits for diamorphine, efavirenz, nevirapine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol were 14.2, 18.6, 18.7 and 9.94 pg on column, respectively, and the limits of quantitation were 43.1, 56.3, 56.6 and 30.1 pg on column, respectively. The simulated and casework samples were successfully discriminated into original batches using the identified nyaope components, the unsupervised chemometric methods principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, as well as chromatographic profiles. Significance: • A validated method for the analysis and comparison of nyaope allows for data exchange between law enforcement agencies in South Africa and, provided the appropriate quality control measures are in place, between South Africa, neighbouring states and countries further afield. Additionally, public health measures can be put in place now that it is possible to use a validated method to determine the contents of nyaope. Pabalala M. MthembiEllen M. MwenesongoleMichael D. ColeAcademy of Science of South AfricaarticleheroincannabisnyaopeGC–MSsample comparisonScienceQScience (General)Q1-390Social SciencesHSocial sciences (General)H1-99ENSouth African Journal of Science, Vol 117, Iss 11/12 (2021) |
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heroin cannabis nyaope GC–MS sample comparison Science Q Science (General) Q1-390 Social Sciences H Social sciences (General) H1-99 |
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heroin cannabis nyaope GC–MS sample comparison Science Q Science (General) Q1-390 Social Sciences H Social sciences (General) H1-99 Pabalala M. Mthembi Ellen M. Mwenesongole Michael D. Cole A validated method for the analysis and profiling of ‘nyaope’ using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry |
| description |
Nyaope, a Tswana word for a mixture or ‘mish-mash’, describes a drug cocktail consisting of heroin, cannabis, and on occasion other controlled substances and warfarin. It is highly addictive with extremely unpleasant side effects caused by withdrawal from the drug. It is a problem drug especially in townships in South Africa. However, its prevalence in neighbouring southern African states and further afield is not yet known. There is currently no validated method for the analysis and comparison of nyaope. We describe a validated method for the gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis of nyaope so that within-batch and between-batch comparisons of nyaope can successfully be made for the first time. The validated method managed an accuracy within the range 80–120%, the precision was less than 20% for all analytes and managed linearity with R2≥0.99. The detection limits for diamorphine, efavirenz, nevirapine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol were 14.2, 18.6, 18.7 and 9.94 pg on column, respectively, and the limits of quantitation were 43.1, 56.3, 56.6 and 30.1 pg on column, respectively. The simulated and casework samples were successfully discriminated into original batches using the identified nyaope components, the unsupervised chemometric methods principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, as well as chromatographic profiles.
Significance:
• A validated method for the analysis and comparison of nyaope allows for data exchange between law enforcement agencies in South Africa and, provided the appropriate quality control measures are in place, between South Africa, neighbouring states and countries further afield. Additionally, public health measures can be put in place now that it is possible to use a validated method to determine the contents of nyaope.
|
| format |
article |
| author |
Pabalala M. Mthembi Ellen M. Mwenesongole Michael D. Cole |
| author_facet |
Pabalala M. Mthembi Ellen M. Mwenesongole Michael D. Cole |
| author_sort |
Pabalala M. Mthembi |
| title |
A validated method for the analysis and profiling of ‘nyaope’ using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry |
| title_short |
A validated method for the analysis and profiling of ‘nyaope’ using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry |
| title_full |
A validated method for the analysis and profiling of ‘nyaope’ using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry |
| title_fullStr |
A validated method for the analysis and profiling of ‘nyaope’ using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry |
| title_full_unstemmed |
A validated method for the analysis and profiling of ‘nyaope’ using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry |
| title_sort |
validated method for the analysis and profiling of ‘nyaope’ using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry |
| publisher |
Academy of Science of South Africa |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/8f2997d6a4e54a5b9c6c8eb5203eb253 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT pabalalammthembi avalidatedmethodfortheanalysisandprofilingofnyaopeusinggaschromatographymassspectrometry AT ellenmmwenesongole avalidatedmethodfortheanalysisandprofilingofnyaopeusinggaschromatographymassspectrometry AT michaeldcole avalidatedmethodfortheanalysisandprofilingofnyaopeusinggaschromatographymassspectrometry AT pabalalammthembi validatedmethodfortheanalysisandprofilingofnyaopeusinggaschromatographymassspectrometry AT ellenmmwenesongole validatedmethodfortheanalysisandprofilingofnyaopeusinggaschromatographymassspectrometry AT michaeldcole validatedmethodfortheanalysisandprofilingofnyaopeusinggaschromatographymassspectrometry |
| _version_ |
1718400002142765056 |