Longitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles.

<h4>Background</h4>Although the vaginal microflora (VMF) has been well studied, information on the fluctuation of the different bacterial species throughout the menstrual cycle and the information on events preceding the presence of disturbed VMF is still very limited. Documenting the dy...

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Autores principales:	Guido Lopes Dos Santos Santiago, Piet Cools, Hans Verstraelen, Marijke Trog, Griet Missine, Nabil El Aila, Rita Verhelst, Inge Tency, Geert Claeys, Marleen Temmerman, Mario Vaneechoutte
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8f4c1db9d4504d8e90c49af9f2769a3f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8f4c1db9d4504d8e90c49af9f2769a3f2021-11-18T07:33:21ZLongitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0028180https://doaj.org/article/8f4c1db9d4504d8e90c49af9f2769a3f2011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22140538/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Although the vaginal microflora (VMF) has been well studied, information on the fluctuation of the different bacterial species throughout the menstrual cycle and the information on events preceding the presence of disturbed VMF is still very limited. Documenting the dynamics of the VMF during the menstrual cycle might provide better insights. In this study, we assessed the presence of different Lactobacillus species in relation to the BV associated species during the menstrual cycle, assessed the influence of the menstrual cycle on the different categories of vaginal microflora and assessed possible causes, such as menstruation and sexual intercourse, of VMF disturbance. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study in which swabs and Gram stains were available for each day of two consecutive menstrual cycles, whereby 8 grades of VMF were distinguished by Gram stain analysis, and whereby the swabs were cultured every 7(th) day and identification of the bacterial isolates was carried out with a molecular technique.<h4>Methods</h4>Self-collected vaginal swabs were obtained daily from 17 non pregnant, menarchal volunteers, and used for daily Gram staining and weekly culture. Bacterial isolates were identified with tDNA-PCR and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing.<h4>Results</h4>Nine women presented with predominantly normal VMF and the 8 others had predominantly disturbed VMF. The overall VMF of each volunteer was characteristic and rather stable. Menses and antimicrobials were the major disturbing factors of the VMF. Disturbances were always accompanied by a rise in Gram positive cocci, which also appeared to be a significant group within the VMF in general.<h4>Conclusions</h4>We observed a huge interindividual variability of predominantly stable VMF types. The importance of Gram positive cocci in VMF is underestimated. L. crispatus was the species that was most negatively affected by the menses, whereas the presence of the other lactobacilli was less variable.Guido Lopes Dos Santos SantiagoPiet CoolsHans VerstraelenMarijke TrogGriet MissineNabil El AilaRita VerhelstInge TencyGeert ClaeysMarleen TemmermanMario VaneechouttePublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 11, p e28180 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Guido Lopes Dos Santos Santiago Piet Cools Hans Verstraelen Marijke Trog Griet Missine Nabil El Aila Rita Verhelst Inge Tency Geert Claeys Marleen Temmerman Mario Vaneechoutte Longitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Although the vaginal microflora (VMF) has been well studied, information on the fluctuation of the different bacterial species throughout the menstrual cycle and the information on events preceding the presence of disturbed VMF is still very limited. Documenting the dynamics of the VMF during the menstrual cycle might provide better insights. In this study, we assessed the presence of different Lactobacillus species in relation to the BV associated species during the menstrual cycle, assessed the influence of the menstrual cycle on the different categories of vaginal microflora and assessed possible causes, such as menstruation and sexual intercourse, of VMF disturbance. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study in which swabs and Gram stains were available for each day of two consecutive menstrual cycles, whereby 8 grades of VMF were distinguished by Gram stain analysis, and whereby the swabs were cultured every 7(th) day and identification of the bacterial isolates was carried out with a molecular technique.<h4>Methods</h4>Self-collected vaginal swabs were obtained daily from 17 non pregnant, menarchal volunteers, and used for daily Gram staining and weekly culture. Bacterial isolates were identified with tDNA-PCR and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing.<h4>Results</h4>Nine women presented with predominantly normal VMF and the 8 others had predominantly disturbed VMF. The overall VMF of each volunteer was characteristic and rather stable. Menses and antimicrobials were the major disturbing factors of the VMF. Disturbances were always accompanied by a rise in Gram positive cocci, which also appeared to be a significant group within the VMF in general.<h4>Conclusions</h4>We observed a huge interindividual variability of predominantly stable VMF types. The importance of Gram positive cocci in VMF is underestimated. L. crispatus was the species that was most negatively affected by the menses, whereas the presence of the other lactobacilli was less variable.
format	article
author	Guido Lopes Dos Santos Santiago Piet Cools Hans Verstraelen Marijke Trog Griet Missine Nabil El Aila Rita Verhelst Inge Tency Geert Claeys Marleen Temmerman Mario Vaneechoutte
author_facet	Guido Lopes Dos Santos Santiago Piet Cools Hans Verstraelen Marijke Trog Griet Missine Nabil El Aila Rita Verhelst Inge Tency Geert Claeys Marleen Temmerman Mario Vaneechoutte
author_sort	Guido Lopes Dos Santos Santiago
title	Longitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles.
title_short	Longitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles.
title_full	Longitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles.
title_fullStr	Longitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles.
title_full_unstemmed	Longitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles.
title_sort	longitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/8f4c1db9d4504d8e90c49af9f2769a3f
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Longitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles.

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