Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks

Abstract The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has revealed alarming shortages of personal protective equipment for frontline healthcare professionals and the general public. Therefore, a 3D-printable mask frame was developed, and its air seal performance was evaluated and compared. Personalized masks (PM)...

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Autores principales:	Julian Nold, Marc C. Metzger, Steffen Schwarz, Christian Wesemann, Gregor Wemken, Stefano Pieralli, Florian Kernen, Julia Weingart, Carl G. Schirmeister, Stefan Schumann, Stefan Schlager, Benedikt C. Spies
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8f563acaed8448b9b5a8123bd461dcc8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8f563acaed8448b9b5a8123bd461dcc82021-12-02T19:16:47ZAir seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks10.1038/s41598-021-98963-02045-2322https://doaj.org/article/8f563acaed8448b9b5a8123bd461dcc82021-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98963-0https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has revealed alarming shortages of personal protective equipment for frontline healthcare professionals and the general public. Therefore, a 3D-printable mask frame was developed, and its air seal performance was evaluated and compared. Personalized masks (PM) based on individual face scans (n = 8) and a statistically shaped mask (SSM) based on a standardized facial soft tissue shape computed from 190 face scans were designed. Subsequently, the masks were additively manufactured, and in a second step, the PM and SSM were compared to surgical masks (SM) and FFP2 masks (FFP2) in terms of air seal performance. 3D-printed face models allowed for air leakage evaluation by measuring the pressure inside the mask in sealed and unsealed conditions during a breathing simulation. The PM demonstrated the lowest leak flow (p < 0.01) of inspired or expired unfiltered air of approximately 10.4 ± 16.4%, whereas the SM showed the highest (p < 0.01) leakage with 84.9 ± 7.7%. The FFP2 and SSM had similar values of 34.9 ± 18.5% leakage (p > 0.68). The developed framework allows for the time- and resource-efficient, on-demand, and in-house production of masks. For the best seal performance, an individually personalized mask design might be recommended.Julian NoldMarc C. MetzgerSteffen SchwarzChristian WesemannGregor WemkenStefano PieralliFlorian KernenJulia WeingartCarl G. SchirmeisterStefan SchumannStefan SchlagerBenedikt C. SpiesNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Julian Nold Marc C. Metzger Steffen Schwarz Christian Wesemann Gregor Wemken Stefano Pieralli Florian Kernen Julia Weingart Carl G. Schirmeister Stefan Schumann Stefan Schlager Benedikt C. Spies Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
description	Abstract The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has revealed alarming shortages of personal protective equipment for frontline healthcare professionals and the general public. Therefore, a 3D-printable mask frame was developed, and its air seal performance was evaluated and compared. Personalized masks (PM) based on individual face scans (n = 8) and a statistically shaped mask (SSM) based on a standardized facial soft tissue shape computed from 190 face scans were designed. Subsequently, the masks were additively manufactured, and in a second step, the PM and SSM were compared to surgical masks (SM) and FFP2 masks (FFP2) in terms of air seal performance. 3D-printed face models allowed for air leakage evaluation by measuring the pressure inside the mask in sealed and unsealed conditions during a breathing simulation. The PM demonstrated the lowest leak flow (p < 0.01) of inspired or expired unfiltered air of approximately 10.4 ± 16.4%, whereas the SM showed the highest (p < 0.01) leakage with 84.9 ± 7.7%. The FFP2 and SSM had similar values of 34.9 ± 18.5% leakage (p > 0.68). The developed framework allows for the time- and resource-efficient, on-demand, and in-house production of masks. For the best seal performance, an individually personalized mask design might be recommended.
format	article
author	Julian Nold Marc C. Metzger Steffen Schwarz Christian Wesemann Gregor Wemken Stefano Pieralli Florian Kernen Julia Weingart Carl G. Schirmeister Stefan Schumann Stefan Schlager Benedikt C. Spies
author_facet	Julian Nold Marc C. Metzger Steffen Schwarz Christian Wesemann Gregor Wemken Stefano Pieralli Florian Kernen Julia Weingart Carl G. Schirmeister Stefan Schumann Stefan Schlager Benedikt C. Spies
author_sort	Julian Nold
title	Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
title_short	Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
title_full	Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
title_fullStr	Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
title_full_unstemmed	Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks
title_sort	air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3d-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and ffp2 masks
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8f563acaed8448b9b5a8123bd461dcc8
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Air seal performance of personalized and statistically shaped 3D-printed face masks compared with market-available surgical and FFP2 masks

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