Lasting Changes to Circulating Leukocytes in People with Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections
Survivors of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections frequently suffer from a range of post-infection sequelae. Whether survivors of mild or asymptomatic infections can expect any long-term health consequences is not yet known. Herein we investigated lasting changes to soluble inflammatory factors and cellular...
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MDPI AG
2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:8f7c4fc913cd40b49c927684c3a332372021-11-25T19:13:40ZLasting Changes to Circulating Leukocytes in People with Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections10.3390/v131122391999-4915https://doaj.org/article/8f7c4fc913cd40b49c927684c3a332372021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2239https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915Survivors of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections frequently suffer from a range of post-infection sequelae. Whether survivors of mild or asymptomatic infections can expect any long-term health consequences is not yet known. Herein we investigated lasting changes to soluble inflammatory factors and cellular immune phenotype and function in individuals who had recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infections (<i>n</i> = 22), compared to those that had recovered from other mild respiratory infections (<i>n</i> = 11). Individuals who had experienced mild SARS-CoV-2 infections had elevated levels of C-reactive protein 1–3 months after symptom onset, and changes in phenotype and function of circulating T-cells that were not apparent in individuals 6–9 months post-symptom onset. Markers of monocyte activation, and expression of adherence and chemokine receptors indicative of altered migratory capacity, were also higher at 1–3 months post-infection in individuals who had mild SARS-CoV-2, but these were no longer elevated by 6–9 months post-infection. Perhaps most surprisingly, significantly more T-cells could be activated by polyclonal stimulation in individuals who had recently experienced a mild SARS-CoV-2, infection compared to individuals with other recent respiratory infections. These data are indicative of prolonged immune activation and systemic inflammation that persists for at least three months after mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections.Allison E. KennedyLaura CookJessica A. BreznikBraeden CowbroughJessica G. WallaceAngela HuynhJames W. SmithKiho SonHannah StaceyJann AngAllison McGeerBrenda L. ColemanMaggie LarchéMark LarchéNathan HamblyParameswaran NairKjetil AskMatthew S. MillerJonathan BramsonMegan K. LevingsIshac NazySarah SvenningsenManali MukherjeeDawn M. E. BowdishMDPI AGarticleCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2immunophenotypeinflammationimmune activationMicrobiologyQR1-502ENViruses, Vol 13, Iss 2239, p 2239 (2021) |
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COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 immunophenotype inflammation immune activation Microbiology QR1-502 |
| spellingShingle |
COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 immunophenotype inflammation immune activation Microbiology QR1-502 Allison E. Kennedy Laura Cook Jessica A. Breznik Braeden Cowbrough Jessica G. Wallace Angela Huynh James W. Smith Kiho Son Hannah Stacey Jann Ang Allison McGeer Brenda L. Coleman Maggie Larché Mark Larché Nathan Hambly Parameswaran Nair Kjetil Ask Matthew S. Miller Jonathan Bramson Megan K. Levings Ishac Nazy Sarah Svenningsen Manali Mukherjee Dawn M. E. Bowdish Lasting Changes to Circulating Leukocytes in People with Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections |
| description |
Survivors of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections frequently suffer from a range of post-infection sequelae. Whether survivors of mild or asymptomatic infections can expect any long-term health consequences is not yet known. Herein we investigated lasting changes to soluble inflammatory factors and cellular immune phenotype and function in individuals who had recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infections (<i>n</i> = 22), compared to those that had recovered from other mild respiratory infections (<i>n</i> = 11). Individuals who had experienced mild SARS-CoV-2 infections had elevated levels of C-reactive protein 1–3 months after symptom onset, and changes in phenotype and function of circulating T-cells that were not apparent in individuals 6–9 months post-symptom onset. Markers of monocyte activation, and expression of adherence and chemokine receptors indicative of altered migratory capacity, were also higher at 1–3 months post-infection in individuals who had mild SARS-CoV-2, but these were no longer elevated by 6–9 months post-infection. Perhaps most surprisingly, significantly more T-cells could be activated by polyclonal stimulation in individuals who had recently experienced a mild SARS-CoV-2, infection compared to individuals with other recent respiratory infections. These data are indicative of prolonged immune activation and systemic inflammation that persists for at least three months after mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Allison E. Kennedy Laura Cook Jessica A. Breznik Braeden Cowbrough Jessica G. Wallace Angela Huynh James W. Smith Kiho Son Hannah Stacey Jann Ang Allison McGeer Brenda L. Coleman Maggie Larché Mark Larché Nathan Hambly Parameswaran Nair Kjetil Ask Matthew S. Miller Jonathan Bramson Megan K. Levings Ishac Nazy Sarah Svenningsen Manali Mukherjee Dawn M. E. Bowdish |
| author_facet |
Allison E. Kennedy Laura Cook Jessica A. Breznik Braeden Cowbrough Jessica G. Wallace Angela Huynh James W. Smith Kiho Son Hannah Stacey Jann Ang Allison McGeer Brenda L. Coleman Maggie Larché Mark Larché Nathan Hambly Parameswaran Nair Kjetil Ask Matthew S. Miller Jonathan Bramson Megan K. Levings Ishac Nazy Sarah Svenningsen Manali Mukherjee Dawn M. E. Bowdish |
| author_sort |
Allison E. Kennedy |
| title |
Lasting Changes to Circulating Leukocytes in People with Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections |
| title_short |
Lasting Changes to Circulating Leukocytes in People with Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections |
| title_full |
Lasting Changes to Circulating Leukocytes in People with Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections |
| title_fullStr |
Lasting Changes to Circulating Leukocytes in People with Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Lasting Changes to Circulating Leukocytes in People with Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections |
| title_sort |
lasting changes to circulating leukocytes in people with mild sars-cov-2 infections |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/8f7c4fc913cd40b49c927684c3a33237 |
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