Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region

Abstract To identify the prevalence and risk factors for primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-positive adult treatment-naïve patients between January 2018 and December 2019 in a state of the Brazilian Amazon region. A total of 268 HIV-1 positive patients...

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Autores principales:	Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira, Eliane dos Santos França, Iran Barros Costa, Igor Tenório Lima, Amaury Bentes Cunha Freire, Francisco Lúzio de Paula Ramos, Talita Antonia Furtado Monteiro, Olinda Macedo, Rita Catarina Medeiros Sousa, Felipe Bonfim Freitas, Igor Brasil Costa, Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8fbe8b1e8fb3492aa9ad3f674bbd1df8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8fbe8b1e8fb3492aa9ad3f674bbd1df82021-12-02T18:02:06ZEpidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region10.1038/s41598-021-97707-42045-2322https://doaj.org/article/8fbe8b1e8fb3492aa9ad3f674bbd1df82021-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97707-4https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract To identify the prevalence and risk factors for primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-positive adult treatment-naïve patients between January 2018 and December 2019 in a state of the Brazilian Amazon region. A total of 268 HIV-1 positive patients and 65 blood donors participated in the study. Epidemiological data were obtained from medical records and through a designed questionnaire. EBV infection was screened by the semiquantitative detection of anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) EBV IgM and IgG, followed by molecular detection of the EBNA-3C gene. The plasma viral loads of HIV-1 and EBV were quantified using a commercial kit. The prevalence of primary coinfection was 7.12%. The associated risk factors were education level, family income, history of illicit drug use and sexually transmitted infections, homosexual contact and condom nonuse. Approximately 58.5% had late initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, which influenced the risk of HIV-EBV 1/2 multiple infection (odds ratio (OR): 4.76; 95% CI 1.51–15.04) and symptom development (p = 0.004). HIV viral load was associated with patient age (OR: 2.04; 95% CI 2.01–2.07; p = 0.026) and duration of illicit drug use (OR: 1.57; 95% CI 1.12–2.22; p = 0.0548). EBV viral load was associated with younger age (OR: 0.82; 95% CI 0.79–1.03; p = 0.0579). The replication of both viruses was associated with symptom development (HIV = OR: 2.06; 95% CI 1.22–3.50; p = 0.0073; EBV = OR: 8.81; 95% CI 1–10; p = 0.0447). The prevalence of HIV/EBV coinfection was lower than that observed in other studies, and social vulnerability and promiscuous sexual behavior were associated risk factors. A long time of HIV-1 infection, without therapy, influenced the risk of coinfection and disease progression. The viral loads of both viruses may be associated with some epidemiological aspects of the population.Leonn Mendes Soares PereiraEliane dos Santos FrançaIran Barros CostaIgor Tenório LimaAmaury Bentes Cunha FreireFrancisco Lúzio de Paula RamosTalita Antonia Furtado MonteiroOlinda MacedoRita Catarina Medeiros SousaFelipe Bonfim FreitasIgor Brasil CostaAntonio Carlos Rosário VallinotoNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira Eliane dos Santos França Iran Barros Costa Igor Tenório Lima Amaury Bentes Cunha Freire Francisco Lúzio de Paula Ramos Talita Antonia Furtado Monteiro Olinda Macedo Rita Catarina Medeiros Sousa Felipe Bonfim Freitas Igor Brasil Costa Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region
description	Abstract To identify the prevalence and risk factors for primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-positive adult treatment-naïve patients between January 2018 and December 2019 in a state of the Brazilian Amazon region. A total of 268 HIV-1 positive patients and 65 blood donors participated in the study. Epidemiological data were obtained from medical records and through a designed questionnaire. EBV infection was screened by the semiquantitative detection of anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) EBV IgM and IgG, followed by molecular detection of the EBNA-3C gene. The plasma viral loads of HIV-1 and EBV were quantified using a commercial kit. The prevalence of primary coinfection was 7.12%. The associated risk factors were education level, family income, history of illicit drug use and sexually transmitted infections, homosexual contact and condom nonuse. Approximately 58.5% had late initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, which influenced the risk of HIV-EBV 1/2 multiple infection (odds ratio (OR): 4.76; 95% CI 1.51–15.04) and symptom development (p = 0.004). HIV viral load was associated with patient age (OR: 2.04; 95% CI 2.01–2.07; p = 0.026) and duration of illicit drug use (OR: 1.57; 95% CI 1.12–2.22; p = 0.0548). EBV viral load was associated with younger age (OR: 0.82; 95% CI 0.79–1.03; p = 0.0579). The replication of both viruses was associated with symptom development (HIV = OR: 2.06; 95% CI 1.22–3.50; p = 0.0073; EBV = OR: 8.81; 95% CI 1–10; p = 0.0447). The prevalence of HIV/EBV coinfection was lower than that observed in other studies, and social vulnerability and promiscuous sexual behavior were associated risk factors. A long time of HIV-1 infection, without therapy, influenced the risk of coinfection and disease progression. The viral loads of both viruses may be associated with some epidemiological aspects of the population.
format	article
author	Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira Eliane dos Santos França Iran Barros Costa Igor Tenório Lima Amaury Bentes Cunha Freire Francisco Lúzio de Paula Ramos Talita Antonia Furtado Monteiro Olinda Macedo Rita Catarina Medeiros Sousa Felipe Bonfim Freitas Igor Brasil Costa Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
author_facet	Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira Eliane dos Santos França Iran Barros Costa Igor Tenório Lima Amaury Bentes Cunha Freire Francisco Lúzio de Paula Ramos Talita Antonia Furtado Monteiro Olinda Macedo Rita Catarina Medeiros Sousa Felipe Bonfim Freitas Igor Brasil Costa Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
author_sort	Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira
title	Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region
title_short	Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region
title_full	Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region
title_fullStr	Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region
title_full_unstemmed	Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region
title_sort	epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by epstein–barr virus in hiv-1-positive subjects in the brazilian amazon region
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8fbe8b1e8fb3492aa9ad3f674bbd1df8
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Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region

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