Treatment of Macular Edema in Vascular Retinal Diseases: A 2021 Update

Macular edema (ME) is associated with various conditions; however, the main causes of ME are retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and diabetes. Laser photocoagulation, formerly the gold standard for the treatment of ME, has been replaced by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) intravitreal in...

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Autores principales:	Andrzej Grzybowski, Agne Markeviciute, Reda Zemaitiene
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	macular edema diabetic macular edema retinal vein occlusion laser photocoagulation anti-VEGF intravitreal injections Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/907da27a91e241c78b0e42024dfe9310
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:907da27a91e241c78b0e42024dfe93102021-11-25T18:01:33ZTreatment of Macular Edema in Vascular Retinal Diseases: A 2021 Update10.3390/jcm102253002077-0383https://doaj.org/article/907da27a91e241c78b0e42024dfe93102021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/22/5300https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0383Macular edema (ME) is associated with various conditions; however, the main causes of ME are retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and diabetes. Laser photocoagulation, formerly the gold standard for the treatment of ME, has been replaced by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) intravitreal injections. Despite its efficiency, this treatment requires frequent injections to preserve the outcomes of anti-VEGF therapy, and as many patients do not sufficiently respond to the treatment, ME is typically a chronic condition that can lead to permanent visual impairment. Generalized recommendations for the treatment of ME are lacking, which highlights the importance of reviewing treatment approaches, including recent anti-VEGFs, intravitreal steroid implants, and subthreshold micropulse lasers. We reviewed relevant studies, emphasizing the articles published between 2019 and 2021 and using the following keywords: macular edema, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF, and intravitreal injections. Our results revealed that a combination of different treatment methods may be beneficial in resistant cases. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) is likely to help select the best treatment option for patients in the near future.Andrzej GrzybowskiAgne MarkeviciuteReda ZemaitieneMDPI AGarticlemacular edemadiabetic macular edemaretinal vein occlusionlaser photocoagulationanti-VEGFintravitreal injectionsMedicineRENJournal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 5300, p 5300 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	macular edema diabetic macular edema retinal vein occlusion laser photocoagulation anti-VEGF intravitreal injections Medicine R
spellingShingle	macular edema diabetic macular edema retinal vein occlusion laser photocoagulation anti-VEGF intravitreal injections Medicine R Andrzej Grzybowski Agne Markeviciute Reda Zemaitiene Treatment of Macular Edema in Vascular Retinal Diseases: A 2021 Update
description	Macular edema (ME) is associated with various conditions; however, the main causes of ME are retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and diabetes. Laser photocoagulation, formerly the gold standard for the treatment of ME, has been replaced by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) intravitreal injections. Despite its efficiency, this treatment requires frequent injections to preserve the outcomes of anti-VEGF therapy, and as many patients do not sufficiently respond to the treatment, ME is typically a chronic condition that can lead to permanent visual impairment. Generalized recommendations for the treatment of ME are lacking, which highlights the importance of reviewing treatment approaches, including recent anti-VEGFs, intravitreal steroid implants, and subthreshold micropulse lasers. We reviewed relevant studies, emphasizing the articles published between 2019 and 2021 and using the following keywords: macular edema, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF, and intravitreal injections. Our results revealed that a combination of different treatment methods may be beneficial in resistant cases. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) is likely to help select the best treatment option for patients in the near future.
format	article
author	Andrzej Grzybowski Agne Markeviciute Reda Zemaitiene
author_facet	Andrzej Grzybowski Agne Markeviciute Reda Zemaitiene
author_sort	Andrzej Grzybowski
title	Treatment of Macular Edema in Vascular Retinal Diseases: A 2021 Update
title_short	Treatment of Macular Edema in Vascular Retinal Diseases: A 2021 Update
title_full	Treatment of Macular Edema in Vascular Retinal Diseases: A 2021 Update
title_fullStr	Treatment of Macular Edema in Vascular Retinal Diseases: A 2021 Update
title_full_unstemmed	Treatment of Macular Edema in Vascular Retinal Diseases: A 2021 Update
title_sort	treatment of macular edema in vascular retinal diseases: a 2021 update
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/907da27a91e241c78b0e42024dfe9310
work_keys_str_mv	AT andrzejgrzybowski treatmentofmacularedemainvascularretinaldiseasesa2021update AT agnemarkeviciute treatmentofmacularedemainvascularretinaldiseasesa2021update AT redazemaitiene treatmentofmacularedemainvascularretinaldiseasesa2021update
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Treatment of Macular Edema in Vascular Retinal Diseases: A 2021 Update

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