Optimization of a Low Volume Extraction Method to Determine Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aerosol Samples

This work describes the optimization of an extraction method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitro- and oxy-PAH derivatives in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) samples, and demonstrates that this method is also effective for the determination of levogluc...

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Autores principales:	Caroline Scaramboni, Jordan Brizi Neris, Rita de Kássia Silva do Nascimento, Natasha Leandra Chiaranda da Rosa, Jonatas Schadeck Carvalho, Guilherme Martins Grosseli, Maria Lucia Arruda Moura Campos, Pedro Sérgio Fadini, Roberta Cerasi Urban
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	PAH oxy-PAH nitro-PAH particulate matter design of experiments green chemistry Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9102d54af306427595cfbd7fd47eb182
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9102d54af306427595cfbd7fd47eb1822021-11-04T05:51:05ZOptimization of a Low Volume Extraction Method to Determine Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aerosol Samples2296-665X10.3389/fenvs.2021.742251https://doaj.org/article/9102d54af306427595cfbd7fd47eb1822021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2021.742251/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-665XThis work describes the optimization of an extraction method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitro- and oxy-PAH derivatives in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) samples, and demonstrates that this method is also effective for the determination of levoglucosan. The optimization of the extraction solvents was performed using a three-component mixture design with the solvents dichloromethane, methanol, and acetonitrile. The number of extractions, volume of solvent, and duration of extraction in an ultrasonic bath were optimized using a full factorial design followed by a central composite design. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The optimized conditions of the method were three extractions using 4.0 ml of acetonitrile, with ultrasonication for 34 min. The proposed method presented good linearity (r > 0.990) and acceptable precision for low (100 ng ml−1, RSD: 1–16%), medium (300 ng ml−1, RSD: 1–19%), and high (500 ng ml−1, RSD: 2–16%) concentrations of PAHs. The limits of quantification for different PAHs ranged from 10 to 50 ng ml−1, which were suitable for atmospheric PM. Assessment of the method using sample matrix spiking/recovery assays, as well as use of a reference method, showed good recoveries for levoglucosan and for most of the PAHs and their derivatives, except for the most volatile compounds, which were lost during the evaporation of the solvent. The results for PM samples extracted by the optimized method and the reference method were in good agreement. The proposed method required 97% less solvent than the reference method, shortened the analysis time by 85%, and proved to be accurate and precise for the determination of at least 27 PAHs and their derivatives present in PM samples collected with a low-volume sampler.Caroline ScaramboniJordan Brizi NerisRita de Kássia Silva do NascimentoNatasha Leandra Chiaranda da RosaJonatas Schadeck CarvalhoGuilherme Martins GrosseliMaria Lucia Arruda Moura CamposPedro Sérgio FadiniRoberta Cerasi UrbanFrontiers Media S.A.articlePAHoxy-PAHnitro-PAHparticulate matterdesign of experimentsgreen chemistryEnvironmental sciencesGE1-350ENFrontiers in Environmental Science, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	PAH oxy-PAH nitro-PAH particulate matter design of experiments green chemistry Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	PAH oxy-PAH nitro-PAH particulate matter design of experiments green chemistry Environmental sciences GE1-350 Caroline Scaramboni Jordan Brizi Neris Rita de Kássia Silva do Nascimento Natasha Leandra Chiaranda da Rosa Jonatas Schadeck Carvalho Guilherme Martins Grosseli Maria Lucia Arruda Moura Campos Pedro Sérgio Fadini Roberta Cerasi Urban Optimization of a Low Volume Extraction Method to Determine Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aerosol Samples
description	This work describes the optimization of an extraction method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitro- and oxy-PAH derivatives in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) samples, and demonstrates that this method is also effective for the determination of levoglucosan. The optimization of the extraction solvents was performed using a three-component mixture design with the solvents dichloromethane, methanol, and acetonitrile. The number of extractions, volume of solvent, and duration of extraction in an ultrasonic bath were optimized using a full factorial design followed by a central composite design. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The optimized conditions of the method were three extractions using 4.0 ml of acetonitrile, with ultrasonication for 34 min. The proposed method presented good linearity (r > 0.990) and acceptable precision for low (100 ng ml−1, RSD: 1–16%), medium (300 ng ml−1, RSD: 1–19%), and high (500 ng ml−1, RSD: 2–16%) concentrations of PAHs. The limits of quantification for different PAHs ranged from 10 to 50 ng ml−1, which were suitable for atmospheric PM. Assessment of the method using sample matrix spiking/recovery assays, as well as use of a reference method, showed good recoveries for levoglucosan and for most of the PAHs and their derivatives, except for the most volatile compounds, which were lost during the evaporation of the solvent. The results for PM samples extracted by the optimized method and the reference method were in good agreement. The proposed method required 97% less solvent than the reference method, shortened the analysis time by 85%, and proved to be accurate and precise for the determination of at least 27 PAHs and their derivatives present in PM samples collected with a low-volume sampler.
format	article
author	Caroline Scaramboni Jordan Brizi Neris Rita de Kássia Silva do Nascimento Natasha Leandra Chiaranda da Rosa Jonatas Schadeck Carvalho Guilherme Martins Grosseli Maria Lucia Arruda Moura Campos Pedro Sérgio Fadini Roberta Cerasi Urban
author_facet	Caroline Scaramboni Jordan Brizi Neris Rita de Kássia Silva do Nascimento Natasha Leandra Chiaranda da Rosa Jonatas Schadeck Carvalho Guilherme Martins Grosseli Maria Lucia Arruda Moura Campos Pedro Sérgio Fadini Roberta Cerasi Urban
author_sort	Caroline Scaramboni
title	Optimization of a Low Volume Extraction Method to Determine Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aerosol Samples
title_short	Optimization of a Low Volume Extraction Method to Determine Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aerosol Samples
title_full	Optimization of a Low Volume Extraction Method to Determine Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aerosol Samples
title_fullStr	Optimization of a Low Volume Extraction Method to Determine Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aerosol Samples
title_full_unstemmed	Optimization of a Low Volume Extraction Method to Determine Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aerosol Samples
title_sort	optimization of a low volume extraction method to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aerosol samples
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9102d54af306427595cfbd7fd47eb182
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Optimization of a Low Volume Extraction Method to Determine Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aerosol Samples

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