Smelting Conditions and Smelting Products: Experimental Insights into the Development of Iron Bloomery Furnaces

The material record for bloomery furnaces in Iron Age and Roman Britain is fragmentary and, because of this paucity of evidence, the reconstruction of the ceramic structures used in iron production is difficult. Experiments have nevertheless been carried out to explore the working parameters and eff...

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Autores principales:	Y. Marks, N. Groat, L. O. Lortie, M. Hughes, H. F. Thompson, C. J. Woodland, T. MS Adams, T. Thorpe, B. Tang R. Kenyon, B. Langhorne, J. Fraser-Darling
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	EXARC 2020
Materias:	iron furnace, kiln or oven iron age roman era united kingdom Museums. Collectors and collecting AM1-501 Archaeology CC1-960
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/910aa5dde3bf4f1397c07516598aef10
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:910aa5dde3bf4f1397c07516598aef102021-12-01T14:42:34ZSmelting Conditions and Smelting Products: Experimental Insights into the Development of Iron Bloomery Furnaces2212-8956https://doaj.org/article/910aa5dde3bf4f1397c07516598aef102020-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://exarc.net/ark:/88735/10504https://doaj.org/toc/2212-8956The material record for bloomery furnaces in Iron Age and Roman Britain is fragmentary and, because of this paucity of evidence, the reconstruction of the ceramic structures used in iron production is difficult. Experiments have nevertheless been carried out to explore the working parameters and efficiency of iron smelting in bowl furnaces (small structures with little structure above ground level, interior measuring about 30 cm in height) (Craddock, 1995; Girbal, 2013) and shaft furnaces (height c.1m) (Smith, 2013; Crew, 2013; Doonan and Dungworth, 2013; Tylecote and Merkel, 1985; Tylecote and Wynne, 1958). These experiments aimed to clarify which furnace is more efficient for iron smelting and therefore what method was most likely used in Iron Age and Roman Britain. It is theorised that iron smelting furnaces developed from bowl structures to shaft structures over time, as smelters sought furnaces which could reach higher temperatures and create more reducing atmospheres (Dungworth 2013; Tylecote and Merkel, 1985; Tylecote and Wynne, 1958). These experiments suggest that the shaft furnace was used as it could meet these requirements. This study looks at the working conditions of a shaft furnace at an intermediary height - between that of a bowl furnace and of a shaft furnace - in order to understand its working parameters and to consequently better understand the progression from a bowl to a 1m high shaft structure.Y. MarksN. GroatL. O. LortieM. HughesH. F. ThompsonC. J. WoodlandT. MS AdamsT. ThorpeB. Tang R. KenyonB. LanghorneJ. Fraser-DarlingEXARCarticleironfurnace, kiln or oveniron ageroman eraunited kingdomMuseums. Collectors and collectingAM1-501ArchaeologyCC1-960ENEXARC Journal, Iss 2020/2 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	iron furnace, kiln or oven iron age roman era united kingdom Museums. Collectors and collecting AM1-501 Archaeology CC1-960
spellingShingle	iron furnace, kiln or oven iron age roman era united kingdom Museums. Collectors and collecting AM1-501 Archaeology CC1-960 Y. Marks N. Groat L. O. Lortie M. Hughes H. F. Thompson C. J. Woodland T. MS Adams T. Thorpe B. Tang R. Kenyon B. Langhorne J. Fraser-Darling Smelting Conditions and Smelting Products: Experimental Insights into the Development of Iron Bloomery Furnaces
description	The material record for bloomery furnaces in Iron Age and Roman Britain is fragmentary and, because of this paucity of evidence, the reconstruction of the ceramic structures used in iron production is difficult. Experiments have nevertheless been carried out to explore the working parameters and efficiency of iron smelting in bowl furnaces (small structures with little structure above ground level, interior measuring about 30 cm in height) (Craddock, 1995; Girbal, 2013) and shaft furnaces (height c.1m) (Smith, 2013; Crew, 2013; Doonan and Dungworth, 2013; Tylecote and Merkel, 1985; Tylecote and Wynne, 1958). These experiments aimed to clarify which furnace is more efficient for iron smelting and therefore what method was most likely used in Iron Age and Roman Britain. It is theorised that iron smelting furnaces developed from bowl structures to shaft structures over time, as smelters sought furnaces which could reach higher temperatures and create more reducing atmospheres (Dungworth 2013; Tylecote and Merkel, 1985; Tylecote and Wynne, 1958). These experiments suggest that the shaft furnace was used as it could meet these requirements. This study looks at the working conditions of a shaft furnace at an intermediary height - between that of a bowl furnace and of a shaft furnace - in order to understand its working parameters and to consequently better understand the progression from a bowl to a 1m high shaft structure.
format	article
author	Y. Marks N. Groat L. O. Lortie M. Hughes H. F. Thompson C. J. Woodland T. MS Adams T. Thorpe B. Tang R. Kenyon B. Langhorne J. Fraser-Darling
author_facet	Y. Marks N. Groat L. O. Lortie M. Hughes H. F. Thompson C. J. Woodland T. MS Adams T. Thorpe B. Tang R. Kenyon B. Langhorne J. Fraser-Darling
author_sort	Y. Marks
title	Smelting Conditions and Smelting Products: Experimental Insights into the Development of Iron Bloomery Furnaces
title_short	Smelting Conditions and Smelting Products: Experimental Insights into the Development of Iron Bloomery Furnaces
title_full	Smelting Conditions and Smelting Products: Experimental Insights into the Development of Iron Bloomery Furnaces
title_fullStr	Smelting Conditions and Smelting Products: Experimental Insights into the Development of Iron Bloomery Furnaces
title_full_unstemmed	Smelting Conditions and Smelting Products: Experimental Insights into the Development of Iron Bloomery Furnaces
title_sort	smelting conditions and smelting products: experimental insights into the development of iron bloomery furnaces
publisher	EXARC
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/910aa5dde3bf4f1397c07516598aef10
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Smelting Conditions and Smelting Products: Experimental Insights into the Development of Iron Bloomery Furnaces

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