Occurrence of total mercury and methylmercury in rice: Exposure and health implications in Nepal

Emerging studies have indicated that the consumption of rice could be the major methylmercury (MeHg) contributor to human mercury (Hg) exposure. Nonetheless, few studies are available on Hg in rice around the world, especially in countries with heavy rice diet. In this study, total Hg (THg) and MeHg...

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Autores principales:	Le Wang, Jialiang Han, Hem Bahadur Katuwal, Pinhua Xia, Xiaohang Xu, Xinbin Feng, Guangle Qiu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Rice intake, Total mercury Methylmercury Nepal Exposure risk Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/913ae3fd19334f2a984b5d5ce819d022
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:913ae3fd19334f2a984b5d5ce819d0222021-11-24T04:26:44ZOccurrence of total mercury and methylmercury in rice: Exposure and health implications in Nepal0147-651310.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113019https://doaj.org/article/913ae3fd19334f2a984b5d5ce819d0222021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651321011313https://doaj.org/toc/0147-6513Emerging studies have indicated that the consumption of rice could be the major methylmercury (MeHg) contributor to human mercury (Hg) exposure. Nonetheless, few studies are available on Hg in rice around the world, especially in countries with heavy rice diet. In this study, total Hg (THg) and MeHg levels in rice samples (n = 172) across Nepal were first investigated. The geometric mean THg was 7.05 ± 7.71 µg/kg with a range of 0.622 µg/kg to 158 µg/kg, and the maximum THg level was up to 791% of the Chinese National Standard Limit for THg in rice (20 µg/kg). The geometric mean MeHg was 0.820 ± 0.660 µg/kg with a range of 0.189 µg/kg to 8.59 µg/kg. Overall, the mean MeHg exposure (0.00445 ± 0.00477 µg/kg bw/day) and inorganic Hg (IHg) exposure (0.0360 ± 0.0739 µg/kg bw/day) were lower than the reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 µg/kg bw/day for MeHg and the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 0.571 µg/kg bw/day for IHg, respectively. Concerning different groups of vulnerable populations, the highest MeHg exposure (0.126 µg/kg bw/day) and IHg exposure (1.57 µg/kg bw/day) of preschoolers (37–50 months old) were approximately 126% of the RfD for MeHg and 275% of the PTWI for IHg. When the pregnant mothers eat the rice without awareness of the Hg content in rice, the mean and highest intelligence quotients (IQs) losses were 9554 and 118659 points, respectively, and the corresponding economic costs due to IQ loss could be 15.1 million USD and 188 million USD in Nepal. The results of rice THg and MeHg levels and corresponding exposure in populations highlighted the occurrence of rice THg and MeHg pollution issues in Nepal. More efforts should be made to protect younger groups in Nepal from high rice Hg exposure. Capsule: Owing to the high rice consumption rates relative to body mass, preschoolers (37–50 months) may meet the 126% reference dose (0.1 µg/kg bw/day) for MeHg and 275% provisional tolerable weekly intake (0.571 µg/kg bw/day) for IHg exposure in Nepal.Le WangJialiang HanHem Bahadur KatuwalPinhua XiaXiaohang XuXinbin FengGuangle QiuElsevierarticleRice intake, Total mercuryMethylmercuryNepalExposure riskEnvironmental pollutionTD172-193.5Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol 228, Iss , Pp 113019- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Rice intake, Total mercury Methylmercury Nepal Exposure risk Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	Rice intake, Total mercury Methylmercury Nepal Exposure risk Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Le Wang Jialiang Han Hem Bahadur Katuwal Pinhua Xia Xiaohang Xu Xinbin Feng Guangle Qiu Occurrence of total mercury and methylmercury in rice: Exposure and health implications in Nepal
description	Emerging studies have indicated that the consumption of rice could be the major methylmercury (MeHg) contributor to human mercury (Hg) exposure. Nonetheless, few studies are available on Hg in rice around the world, especially in countries with heavy rice diet. In this study, total Hg (THg) and MeHg levels in rice samples (n = 172) across Nepal were first investigated. The geometric mean THg was 7.05 ± 7.71 µg/kg with a range of 0.622 µg/kg to 158 µg/kg, and the maximum THg level was up to 791% of the Chinese National Standard Limit for THg in rice (20 µg/kg). The geometric mean MeHg was 0.820 ± 0.660 µg/kg with a range of 0.189 µg/kg to 8.59 µg/kg. Overall, the mean MeHg exposure (0.00445 ± 0.00477 µg/kg bw/day) and inorganic Hg (IHg) exposure (0.0360 ± 0.0739 µg/kg bw/day) were lower than the reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 µg/kg bw/day for MeHg and the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 0.571 µg/kg bw/day for IHg, respectively. Concerning different groups of vulnerable populations, the highest MeHg exposure (0.126 µg/kg bw/day) and IHg exposure (1.57 µg/kg bw/day) of preschoolers (37–50 months old) were approximately 126% of the RfD for MeHg and 275% of the PTWI for IHg. When the pregnant mothers eat the rice without awareness of the Hg content in rice, the mean and highest intelligence quotients (IQs) losses were 9554 and 118659 points, respectively, and the corresponding economic costs due to IQ loss could be 15.1 million USD and 188 million USD in Nepal. The results of rice THg and MeHg levels and corresponding exposure in populations highlighted the occurrence of rice THg and MeHg pollution issues in Nepal. More efforts should be made to protect younger groups in Nepal from high rice Hg exposure. Capsule: Owing to the high rice consumption rates relative to body mass, preschoolers (37–50 months) may meet the 126% reference dose (0.1 µg/kg bw/day) for MeHg and 275% provisional tolerable weekly intake (0.571 µg/kg bw/day) for IHg exposure in Nepal.
format	article
author	Le Wang Jialiang Han Hem Bahadur Katuwal Pinhua Xia Xiaohang Xu Xinbin Feng Guangle Qiu
author_facet	Le Wang Jialiang Han Hem Bahadur Katuwal Pinhua Xia Xiaohang Xu Xinbin Feng Guangle Qiu
author_sort	Le Wang
title	Occurrence of total mercury and methylmercury in rice: Exposure and health implications in Nepal
title_short	Occurrence of total mercury and methylmercury in rice: Exposure and health implications in Nepal
title_full	Occurrence of total mercury and methylmercury in rice: Exposure and health implications in Nepal
title_fullStr	Occurrence of total mercury and methylmercury in rice: Exposure and health implications in Nepal
title_full_unstemmed	Occurrence of total mercury and methylmercury in rice: Exposure and health implications in Nepal
title_sort	occurrence of total mercury and methylmercury in rice: exposure and health implications in nepal
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/913ae3fd19334f2a984b5d5ce819d022
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Occurrence of total mercury and methylmercury in rice: Exposure and health implications in Nepal

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