Non-oxide precipitates in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel

Abstract Precipitates in an austenitic stainless steel fabricated via any Additive Manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, technique have been widely reported to be only Mn-Si-rich oxides. However, via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies on a 316L stainless steel, we show that non-oxide preci...

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Autores principales:	Manas Vijay Upadhyay, Meriem Ben Haj Slama, Steve Gaudez, Nikhil Mohanan, Lluis Yedra, Simon Hallais, Eva Héripré, Alexandre Tanguy
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/91efbf8758a5492a944576673a1582e9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:91efbf8758a5492a944576673a1582e92021-12-02T15:45:15ZNon-oxide precipitates in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel10.1038/s41598-021-89873-22045-2322https://doaj.org/article/91efbf8758a5492a944576673a1582e92021-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89873-2https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Precipitates in an austenitic stainless steel fabricated via any Additive Manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, technique have been widely reported to be only Mn-Si-rich oxides. However, via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies on a 316L stainless steel, we show that non-oxide precipitates (intermetallics, sulfides, phosphides and carbides) can also form when the steel is fabricated via Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)—a directed energy deposition-type AM technique. An investigation into their origin is conducted with support from precipitation kinetics and finite element heat transfer simulations. It reveals that non-oxide precipitates form during solidification/cooling at temperatures ≥ 0.75Tm (melting point) and temperature rates ≤ 105 K/s, which is the upper end of the maximum rates encountered during LMD but lower than those encountered during Selective Laser Melting (SLM)—a powder-bed type AM technique. Consequently, non-oxide precipitates should form during LMD, as reported in this work, but not during SLM, in consistency with existing literature.Manas Vijay UpadhyayMeriem Ben Haj SlamaSteve GaudezNikhil MohananLluis YedraSimon HallaisEva HéripréAlexandre TanguyNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Manas Vijay Upadhyay Meriem Ben Haj Slama Steve Gaudez Nikhil Mohanan Lluis Yedra Simon Hallais Eva Héripré Alexandre Tanguy Non-oxide precipitates in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel
description	Abstract Precipitates in an austenitic stainless steel fabricated via any Additive Manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, technique have been widely reported to be only Mn-Si-rich oxides. However, via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies on a 316L stainless steel, we show that non-oxide precipitates (intermetallics, sulfides, phosphides and carbides) can also form when the steel is fabricated via Laser Metal Deposition (LMD)—a directed energy deposition-type AM technique. An investigation into their origin is conducted with support from precipitation kinetics and finite element heat transfer simulations. It reveals that non-oxide precipitates form during solidification/cooling at temperatures ≥ 0.75Tm (melting point) and temperature rates ≤ 105 K/s, which is the upper end of the maximum rates encountered during LMD but lower than those encountered during Selective Laser Melting (SLM)—a powder-bed type AM technique. Consequently, non-oxide precipitates should form during LMD, as reported in this work, but not during SLM, in consistency with existing literature.
format	article
author	Manas Vijay Upadhyay Meriem Ben Haj Slama Steve Gaudez Nikhil Mohanan Lluis Yedra Simon Hallais Eva Héripré Alexandre Tanguy
author_facet	Manas Vijay Upadhyay Meriem Ben Haj Slama Steve Gaudez Nikhil Mohanan Lluis Yedra Simon Hallais Eva Héripré Alexandre Tanguy
author_sort	Manas Vijay Upadhyay
title	Non-oxide precipitates in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel
title_short	Non-oxide precipitates in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel
title_full	Non-oxide precipitates in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel
title_fullStr	Non-oxide precipitates in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel
title_full_unstemmed	Non-oxide precipitates in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel
title_sort	non-oxide precipitates in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/91efbf8758a5492a944576673a1582e9
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Non-oxide precipitates in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel

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