Trade of economically and physically scarce virtual water in the global food network
Abstract The virtual water (VW) trade associated to food is composed by the quantity of water utilized for the production of the crops exchanged on the global market. In assessing a country’s water abundance or scarcity when entering the international VW trade, scholars consider only physical water...
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Nature Portfolio
2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:9242223cfcbc4a9cbe64c757cae86e682021-11-28T12:19:33ZTrade of economically and physically scarce virtual water in the global food network10.1038/s41598-021-01514-w2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/9242223cfcbc4a9cbe64c757cae86e682021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01514-whttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The virtual water (VW) trade associated to food is composed by the quantity of water utilized for the production of the crops exchanged on the global market. In assessing a country’s water abundance or scarcity when entering the international VW trade, scholars consider only physical water availability, neglecting economic water scarcity, which indicates situations in which socio-economic obstacles impede the productive use of water. We weight the global VW trade associated to primary crops with a newly proposed composite water scarcity index (CWSI) that combines physical and economic water scarcity. 39% of VW volumes is exported from countries with a higher CWSI than the one of the destination country. Such unfair routes occur both from low- to high-income countries and among low- and middle-income countries themselves. High-income countries have a predominant role in import of CWSI-weighted VW, while low- and middle-income countries dominate among the largest CWSI-weighted VW exporters. For many of them economic water scarcity dominates over physical scarcity. The application of the CWSI elicits also a status change from net exporter to net importer for some wealthy countries and viceversa for some low- and middle-income countries. The application of CWSI allows one to quantify to what extent VW exchanges flow along environmentally and economically unfair routes, and it can inform the design of compensation policies.Elena VallinoLuca RidolfiFrancesco LaioNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2021) |
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Medicine R Science Q Elena Vallino Luca Ridolfi Francesco Laio Trade of economically and physically scarce virtual water in the global food network |
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Abstract The virtual water (VW) trade associated to food is composed by the quantity of water utilized for the production of the crops exchanged on the global market. In assessing a country’s water abundance or scarcity when entering the international VW trade, scholars consider only physical water availability, neglecting economic water scarcity, which indicates situations in which socio-economic obstacles impede the productive use of water. We weight the global VW trade associated to primary crops with a newly proposed composite water scarcity index (CWSI) that combines physical and economic water scarcity. 39% of VW volumes is exported from countries with a higher CWSI than the one of the destination country. Such unfair routes occur both from low- to high-income countries and among low- and middle-income countries themselves. High-income countries have a predominant role in import of CWSI-weighted VW, while low- and middle-income countries dominate among the largest CWSI-weighted VW exporters. For many of them economic water scarcity dominates over physical scarcity. The application of the CWSI elicits also a status change from net exporter to net importer for some wealthy countries and viceversa for some low- and middle-income countries. The application of CWSI allows one to quantify to what extent VW exchanges flow along environmentally and economically unfair routes, and it can inform the design of compensation policies. |
format |
article |
author |
Elena Vallino Luca Ridolfi Francesco Laio |
author_facet |
Elena Vallino Luca Ridolfi Francesco Laio |
author_sort |
Elena Vallino |
title |
Trade of economically and physically scarce virtual water in the global food network |
title_short |
Trade of economically and physically scarce virtual water in the global food network |
title_full |
Trade of economically and physically scarce virtual water in the global food network |
title_fullStr |
Trade of economically and physically scarce virtual water in the global food network |
title_full_unstemmed |
Trade of economically and physically scarce virtual water in the global food network |
title_sort |
trade of economically and physically scarce virtual water in the global food network |
publisher |
Nature Portfolio |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doaj.org/article/9242223cfcbc4a9cbe64c757cae86e68 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT elenavallino tradeofeconomicallyandphysicallyscarcevirtualwaterintheglobalfoodnetwork AT lucaridolfi tradeofeconomicallyandphysicallyscarcevirtualwaterintheglobalfoodnetwork AT francescolaio tradeofeconomicallyandphysicallyscarcevirtualwaterintheglobalfoodnetwork |
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