Environmental sustainability: a review of the water–energy–food nexus

Water, energy, and food are primary resources on which human life is dependent. This paper presents a review of the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus considering the environmental impacts generated by humans' reliance on water, energy, and food for their subsistence. Our review assesses the WEF wit...

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Autores principales:	Soheila Zarei, Omid Bozorg-Haddad, Shima Kheirinejad, Hugo A. Loáiciga
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IWA Publishing 2021
Materias:	environment interdisciplinary security water–energy–food nexus Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/92f78ed3b3e04051987ad68329e4330a
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:92f78ed3b3e04051987ad68329e4330a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:92f78ed3b3e04051987ad68329e4330a2021-11-05T13:46:08ZEnvironmental sustainability: a review of the water–energy–food nexus2709-80282709-803610.2166/aqua.2020.058https://doaj.org/article/92f78ed3b3e04051987ad68329e4330a2021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttp://aqua.iwaponline.com/content/70/2/138https://doaj.org/toc/2709-8028https://doaj.org/toc/2709-8036Water, energy, and food are primary resources on which human life is dependent. This paper presents a review of the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus considering the environmental impacts generated by humans' reliance on water, energy, and food for their subsistence. Our review assesses the WEF with respect to the agricultural, industrial, and urban sectors and their use of water, energy, and food. The multi-sectorial assessment addresses options for improved management that avoids or mitigates adverse impacts in the agricultural, industrial, and urban sectors. Activities such as the use of fertilizers and pesticides in the agricultural sector, for instance, cause water, air, and soil pollution, which leads to social calamities and environmental degradation. Therefore, examining the effects of mismanagement in one sector on other sectors from the perspective of the WEF nexus is necessary for improved resource management and environmental protection. A literature review revealed that factors or practices of resources use influence sectors differently and with varying degrees of effectiveness in reducing the environmental damage caused by resources use. Improved social awareness on resource consumption, the use of renewable energy, improved energy efficiency, the reduction of food waste, improved animal husbandry, and other factors involved in the WEF nexus are herein examined. This paper's analysis demonstrates that every action and manner of resource use in one sector also affects other sectors and their resources use, thus calling for a unified analysis of the WE nexus. HIGHLIGHTS Demonstrating that every action and manner of resource use in one sector affects other sectors and their resources use, as well, thus calling for a unified analysis of the WE nexus.; Covering a variety of topics pertinent to the WEF nexus and the environment.; Assessing the environmental impacts of resource consumption in the agricultural, industrial, and urban sectors.;Soheila ZareiOmid Bozorg-HaddadShima KheirinejadHugo A. LoáicigaIWA Publishingarticleenvironmentinterdisciplinarysecuritywater–energy–food nexusEnvironmental technology. Sanitary engineeringTD1-1066Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENAqua, Vol 70, Iss 2, Pp 138-154 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	environment interdisciplinary security water–energy–food nexus Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	environment interdisciplinary security water–energy–food nexus Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Soheila Zarei Omid Bozorg-Haddad Shima Kheirinejad Hugo A. Loáiciga Environmental sustainability: a review of the water–energy–food nexus
description	Water, energy, and food are primary resources on which human life is dependent. This paper presents a review of the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus considering the environmental impacts generated by humans' reliance on water, energy, and food for their subsistence. Our review assesses the WEF with respect to the agricultural, industrial, and urban sectors and their use of water, energy, and food. The multi-sectorial assessment addresses options for improved management that avoids or mitigates adverse impacts in the agricultural, industrial, and urban sectors. Activities such as the use of fertilizers and pesticides in the agricultural sector, for instance, cause water, air, and soil pollution, which leads to social calamities and environmental degradation. Therefore, examining the effects of mismanagement in one sector on other sectors from the perspective of the WEF nexus is necessary for improved resource management and environmental protection. A literature review revealed that factors or practices of resources use influence sectors differently and with varying degrees of effectiveness in reducing the environmental damage caused by resources use. Improved social awareness on resource consumption, the use of renewable energy, improved energy efficiency, the reduction of food waste, improved animal husbandry, and other factors involved in the WEF nexus are herein examined. This paper's analysis demonstrates that every action and manner of resource use in one sector also affects other sectors and their resources use, thus calling for a unified analysis of the WE nexus. HIGHLIGHTS Demonstrating that every action and manner of resource use in one sector affects other sectors and their resources use, as well, thus calling for a unified analysis of the WE nexus.; Covering a variety of topics pertinent to the WEF nexus and the environment.; Assessing the environmental impacts of resource consumption in the agricultural, industrial, and urban sectors.;
format	article
author	Soheila Zarei Omid Bozorg-Haddad Shima Kheirinejad Hugo A. Loáiciga
author_facet	Soheila Zarei Omid Bozorg-Haddad Shima Kheirinejad Hugo A. Loáiciga
author_sort	Soheila Zarei
title	Environmental sustainability: a review of the water–energy–food nexus
title_short	Environmental sustainability: a review of the water–energy–food nexus
title_full	Environmental sustainability: a review of the water–energy–food nexus
title_fullStr	Environmental sustainability: a review of the water–energy–food nexus
title_full_unstemmed	Environmental sustainability: a review of the water–energy–food nexus
title_sort	environmental sustainability: a review of the water–energy–food nexus
publisher	IWA Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/92f78ed3b3e04051987ad68329e4330a
work_keys_str_mv	AT soheilazarei environmentalsustainabilityareviewofthewaterenergyfoodnexus AT omidbozorghaddad environmentalsustainabilityareviewofthewaterenergyfoodnexus AT shimakheirinejad environmentalsustainabilityareviewofthewaterenergyfoodnexus AT hugoaloaiciga environmentalsustainabilityareviewofthewaterenergyfoodnexus
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Environmental sustainability: a review of the water–energy–food nexus

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