Free Volatile Compounds of Veronica austriaca ssp. jacquinii (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. and Their Biological Activity

The composition of free volatile compounds of essential oils (EO) and hydrosols (Hy) from four different localities of the species Veronica austriaca ssp. jacquinii (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In the EO...

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Autores principales:	Marija Nazlić, Željana Fredotović, Elma Vuko, Nenad Vuletić, Ivica Ljubenkov, Dario Kremer, Renata Jurišić Grubešić, Edith Stabentheiner, Marko Randić, Valerija Dunkić
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Veronica</i> volatile compounds GC-MS antioxidant activity DPPH ORAC Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/933f8cae8ce34c8f88f93daa84681b4d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:933f8cae8ce34c8f88f93daa84681b4d2021-11-25T18:47:25ZFree Volatile Compounds of <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. and Their Biological Activity10.3390/plants101125292223-7747https://doaj.org/article/933f8cae8ce34c8f88f93daa84681b4d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2529https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747The composition of free volatile compounds of essential oils (EO) and hydrosols (Hy) from four different localities of the species <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In the EOs, the most abundant compounds identified were hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (23.34–52.56%), hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid, 26.71–58.91%) and octadecanol acetate (0–6.24%). The hydrosols were characterized by high abundance of methyl eugenol (23.35–57.93%), <i>trans</i>-<i>p</i>-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (5.24–7.69%) and thymol (3.48–9.45%). Glandular trichomes were analyzed using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), as they are the sites of synthesis of free volatile compounds. We have detected glandular trichomes, consisting of a one stalk cell and two elliptically shaped head cells, and non-glandular (unbranched, bi-cellular to multicellular) trichomes on stems, leaves and the sepals. Data for volatile compounds from EOs and hydrosols were analyzed using Principal Component Analyses (PCA) to demonstrate variations in the composition of the volatile compounds identified. Isolated samples of EO and hydrosols were analyzed for their antioxidant activity using two methods, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity). The essential oils showed higher antioxidant activity than the hydrosols in ORAC method, but lower activity by the DPPH method. The isolates were also tested for their antiproliferative activity on different types of cancer cells and also on two lines of healthy cells, and the results showed that the extracts were not toxic to the cell lines tested. Total polyphenols, total tannins, total flavonoids and total phenolic acids were also analyzed and determined spectrophotometrically. The free volatile compounds of <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> can be considered as a safe natural product.Marija NazlićŽeljana FredotovićElma VukoNenad VuletićIvica LjubenkovDario KremerRenata Jurišić GrubešićEdith StabentheinerMarko RandićValerija DunkićMDPI AGarticle<i>Veronica</i>volatile compoundsGC-MSantioxidant activityDPPHORACBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2529, p 2529 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Veronica</i> volatile compounds GC-MS antioxidant activity DPPH ORAC Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	<i>Veronica</i> volatile compounds GC-MS antioxidant activity DPPH ORAC Botany QK1-989 Marija Nazlić Željana Fredotović Elma Vuko Nenad Vuletić Ivica Ljubenkov Dario Kremer Renata Jurišić Grubešić Edith Stabentheiner Marko Randić Valerija Dunkić Free Volatile Compounds of <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. and Their Biological Activity
description	The composition of free volatile compounds of essential oils (EO) and hydrosols (Hy) from four different localities of the species <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In the EOs, the most abundant compounds identified were hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (23.34–52.56%), hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid, 26.71–58.91%) and octadecanol acetate (0–6.24%). The hydrosols were characterized by high abundance of methyl eugenol (23.35–57.93%), <i>trans</i>-<i>p</i>-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (5.24–7.69%) and thymol (3.48–9.45%). Glandular trichomes were analyzed using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), as they are the sites of synthesis of free volatile compounds. We have detected glandular trichomes, consisting of a one stalk cell and two elliptically shaped head cells, and non-glandular (unbranched, bi-cellular to multicellular) trichomes on stems, leaves and the sepals. Data for volatile compounds from EOs and hydrosols were analyzed using Principal Component Analyses (PCA) to demonstrate variations in the composition of the volatile compounds identified. Isolated samples of EO and hydrosols were analyzed for their antioxidant activity using two methods, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity). The essential oils showed higher antioxidant activity than the hydrosols in ORAC method, but lower activity by the DPPH method. The isolates were also tested for their antiproliferative activity on different types of cancer cells and also on two lines of healthy cells, and the results showed that the extracts were not toxic to the cell lines tested. Total polyphenols, total tannins, total flavonoids and total phenolic acids were also analyzed and determined spectrophotometrically. The free volatile compounds of <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> can be considered as a safe natural product.
format	article
author	Marija Nazlić Željana Fredotović Elma Vuko Nenad Vuletić Ivica Ljubenkov Dario Kremer Renata Jurišić Grubešić Edith Stabentheiner Marko Randić Valerija Dunkić
author_facet	Marija Nazlić Željana Fredotović Elma Vuko Nenad Vuletić Ivica Ljubenkov Dario Kremer Renata Jurišić Grubešić Edith Stabentheiner Marko Randić Valerija Dunkić
author_sort	Marija Nazlić
title	Free Volatile Compounds of <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. and Their Biological Activity
title_short	Free Volatile Compounds of <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. and Their Biological Activity
title_full	Free Volatile Compounds of <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. and Their Biological Activity
title_fullStr	Free Volatile Compounds of <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. and Their Biological Activity
title_full_unstemmed	Free Volatile Compounds of <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. and Their Biological Activity
title_sort	free volatile compounds of <i>veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> (baumg.) eb. fisch. and their biological activity
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/933f8cae8ce34c8f88f93daa84681b4d
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Free Volatile Compounds of <i>Veronica austriaca</i> ssp. <i>jacquinii</i> (Baumg.) Eb. Fisch. and Their Biological Activity

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