A Degradable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Produced under Optimized Conditions

Global enhancement of crop yield is achieved using chemical fertilizers; however, agro-economy is affected due to poor nutrient uptake efficacy (NUE), which also causes environmental pollution. Encapsulating urea granules with hydrophobic material can be one solution. Additionally, the inverse vulca...

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Autores principales:	Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman, Rashid Shamsuddin, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef, Efrem G. Krivoborodov, Sohaira Ahmad, Alexey A. Zanin, Yaroslav O. Mezhuev, Amin Abbasi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	slow-release fertilizers inverse vulcanization urea dip-coating sulfur polymers response surface methodology Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/935ee371562345f19bc7d1d3ef2f88e8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:935ee371562345f19bc7d1d3ef2f88e82021-11-25T18:49:36ZA Degradable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Produced under Optimized Conditions10.3390/polym132240402073-4360https://doaj.org/article/935ee371562345f19bc7d1d3ef2f88e82021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/22/4040https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4360Global enhancement of crop yield is achieved using chemical fertilizers; however, agro-economy is affected due to poor nutrient uptake efficacy (NUE), which also causes environmental pollution. Encapsulating urea granules with hydrophobic material can be one solution. Additionally, the inverse vulcanized copolymer obtained from vegetable oils are a new class of green sulfur-enriched polymer with good biodegradation and better sulfur oxidation potential, but they possess unreacted sulfur, which leads to void generations. In this study, inverse vulcanization reaction conditions to minimize the amount of unreacted sulfur through response surface methodology (RSM) is optimized. The copolymer obtained was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR confirmed the formation of the copolymer, TGA demonstrated that copolymer is thermally stable up to 200 °C temperature, and DSC revealed the sulfur conversion of 82.2% (predicted conversion of 82.37%), which shows the goodness of the model developed to predict the sulfur conversion. To further maximize the sulfur conversion, 5 wt% diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) as a crosslinker is added during synthesis to produce terpolymer. The urea granule is then coated using terpolymer, and the nutrient release longevity of the coated urea is tested in distilled water, which revealed that only 65% of its total nutrient is released after 40 days of incubation. The soil burial of the terpolymer demonstrated its biodegradability, as 26% weight loss happens in 52 days of incubation. Thus, inverse vulcanized terpolymer as a coating material for urea demonstrated far better nutrient release longevity compared with other biopolymers with improved biodegradation; moreover, these copolymers also have potential to improve sulfur oxidation.Ali Shaan Manzoor GhummanRashid ShamsuddinMohamed Mahmoud NasefEfrem G. KrivoborodovSohaira AhmadAlexey A. ZaninYaroslav O. MezhuevAmin AbbasiMDPI AGarticleslow-release fertilizersinverse vulcanizationureadip-coatingsulfur polymersresponse surface methodologyOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENPolymers, Vol 13, Iss 4040, p 4040 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	slow-release fertilizers inverse vulcanization urea dip-coating sulfur polymers response surface methodology Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	slow-release fertilizers inverse vulcanization urea dip-coating sulfur polymers response surface methodology Organic chemistry QD241-441 Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman Rashid Shamsuddin Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef Efrem G. Krivoborodov Sohaira Ahmad Alexey A. Zanin Yaroslav O. Mezhuev Amin Abbasi A Degradable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Produced under Optimized Conditions
description	Global enhancement of crop yield is achieved using chemical fertilizers; however, agro-economy is affected due to poor nutrient uptake efficacy (NUE), which also causes environmental pollution. Encapsulating urea granules with hydrophobic material can be one solution. Additionally, the inverse vulcanized copolymer obtained from vegetable oils are a new class of green sulfur-enriched polymer with good biodegradation and better sulfur oxidation potential, but they possess unreacted sulfur, which leads to void generations. In this study, inverse vulcanization reaction conditions to minimize the amount of unreacted sulfur through response surface methodology (RSM) is optimized. The copolymer obtained was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR confirmed the formation of the copolymer, TGA demonstrated that copolymer is thermally stable up to 200 °C temperature, and DSC revealed the sulfur conversion of 82.2% (predicted conversion of 82.37%), which shows the goodness of the model developed to predict the sulfur conversion. To further maximize the sulfur conversion, 5 wt% diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) as a crosslinker is added during synthesis to produce terpolymer. The urea granule is then coated using terpolymer, and the nutrient release longevity of the coated urea is tested in distilled water, which revealed that only 65% of its total nutrient is released after 40 days of incubation. The soil burial of the terpolymer demonstrated its biodegradability, as 26% weight loss happens in 52 days of incubation. Thus, inverse vulcanized terpolymer as a coating material for urea demonstrated far better nutrient release longevity compared with other biopolymers with improved biodegradation; moreover, these copolymers also have potential to improve sulfur oxidation.
format	article
author	Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman Rashid Shamsuddin Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef Efrem G. Krivoborodov Sohaira Ahmad Alexey A. Zanin Yaroslav O. Mezhuev Amin Abbasi
author_facet	Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman Rashid Shamsuddin Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef Efrem G. Krivoborodov Sohaira Ahmad Alexey A. Zanin Yaroslav O. Mezhuev Amin Abbasi
author_sort	Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman
title	A Degradable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Produced under Optimized Conditions
title_short	A Degradable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Produced under Optimized Conditions
title_full	A Degradable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Produced under Optimized Conditions
title_fullStr	A Degradable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Produced under Optimized Conditions
title_full_unstemmed	A Degradable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Produced under Optimized Conditions
title_sort	degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/935ee371562345f19bc7d1d3ef2f88e8
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A Degradable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Produced under Optimized Conditions

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