Effects of Gap Size and Cardinal Directions on Natural Regeneration, Growth Dynamics of Trees outside the Gaps and Soil Properties in European Beech Forests of Southern Italy

The present study was focused on how cardinal directions inside gaps of different sizes (small, 200 m2; medium, 400 m2; and large, 600 m2) can affect soil characteristics and tree regeneration. Additionally, the effects of gap size...

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Autores principales:	Silvio Bagnato, Pasquale A. Marziliano, Maria Sidari, Carmelo Mallamaci, Federica Marra, Adele Muscolo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	biodiversity cardinal points <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L. gap sizes natural regeneration soil properties Plant ecology QK900-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/93c4a01afc774aef8c558c7b2103249d
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:93c4a01afc774aef8c558c7b2103249d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:93c4a01afc774aef8c558c7b2103249d2021-11-25T17:38:49ZEffects of Gap Size and Cardinal Directions on Natural Regeneration, Growth Dynamics of Trees outside the Gaps and Soil Properties in European Beech Forests of Southern Italy10.3390/f121115631999-4907https://doaj.org/article/93c4a01afc774aef8c558c7b2103249d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/11/1563https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4907The present study was focused on how cardinal directions inside gaps of different sizes (small, 200 m<sup>2</sup>; medium, 400 m<sup>2</sup>; and large, 600 m<sup>2</sup>) can affect soil characteristics and tree regeneration. Additionally, the effects of gap size on the growth dynamics of trees outside the gaps were evaluated. The study was carried out in a European beech stand located in Aspromonte National Park (Southern Apennines, Calabria, Italy). Microclimatic variables, physical, chemical, and biochemical soil properties, natural regeneration density, and growth trees outside the gaps density of natural regeneration were assessed. This study provided evidence for an important effect of cardinal points on micro-environmental parameter variability, nutrient cycle, physic-chemical soil properties, water availability, and biological processes such as trees growth and regeneration. The European beech natural regeneration was most abundant in the south part of the gaps. Thus, we can state that cardinal points affect the trees natural regeneration in a species-specific manner. The new microclimatic conditions due to the gap opening had positive effects on the tree growth located along the gap edge, especially in the trees sampled on the edges of the medium gaps. On the contrary, the trees located in the forest recorded a productivity coherent with the period prior the gap opening. In medium-sized gaps, the combination and interaction of microclimatic and soil parameters (humification and mineralization process and microbial activity) created the best conditions for beech natural regeneration and favored an increase in the productivity of the trees at the edge of the gaps.Silvio BagnatoPasquale A. MarzilianoMaria SidariCarmelo MallamaciFederica MarraAdele MuscoloMDPI AGarticlebiodiversitycardinal points<i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L.gap sizesnatural regenerationsoil propertiesPlant ecologyQK900-989ENForests, Vol 12, Iss 1563, p 1563 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	biodiversity cardinal points <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L. gap sizes natural regeneration soil properties Plant ecology QK900-989
spellingShingle	biodiversity cardinal points <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L. gap sizes natural regeneration soil properties Plant ecology QK900-989 Silvio Bagnato Pasquale A. Marziliano Maria Sidari Carmelo Mallamaci Federica Marra Adele Muscolo Effects of Gap Size and Cardinal Directions on Natural Regeneration, Growth Dynamics of Trees outside the Gaps and Soil Properties in European Beech Forests of Southern Italy
description	The present study was focused on how cardinal directions inside gaps of different sizes (small, 200 m<sup>2</sup>; medium, 400 m<sup>2</sup>; and large, 600 m<sup>2</sup>) can affect soil characteristics and tree regeneration. Additionally, the effects of gap size on the growth dynamics of trees outside the gaps were evaluated. The study was carried out in a European beech stand located in Aspromonte National Park (Southern Apennines, Calabria, Italy). Microclimatic variables, physical, chemical, and biochemical soil properties, natural regeneration density, and growth trees outside the gaps density of natural regeneration were assessed. This study provided evidence for an important effect of cardinal points on micro-environmental parameter variability, nutrient cycle, physic-chemical soil properties, water availability, and biological processes such as trees growth and regeneration. The European beech natural regeneration was most abundant in the south part of the gaps. Thus, we can state that cardinal points affect the trees natural regeneration in a species-specific manner. The new microclimatic conditions due to the gap opening had positive effects on the tree growth located along the gap edge, especially in the trees sampled on the edges of the medium gaps. On the contrary, the trees located in the forest recorded a productivity coherent with the period prior the gap opening. In medium-sized gaps, the combination and interaction of microclimatic and soil parameters (humification and mineralization process and microbial activity) created the best conditions for beech natural regeneration and favored an increase in the productivity of the trees at the edge of the gaps.
format	article
author	Silvio Bagnato Pasquale A. Marziliano Maria Sidari Carmelo Mallamaci Federica Marra Adele Muscolo
author_facet	Silvio Bagnato Pasquale A. Marziliano Maria Sidari Carmelo Mallamaci Federica Marra Adele Muscolo
author_sort	Silvio Bagnato
title	Effects of Gap Size and Cardinal Directions on Natural Regeneration, Growth Dynamics of Trees outside the Gaps and Soil Properties in European Beech Forests of Southern Italy
title_short	Effects of Gap Size and Cardinal Directions on Natural Regeneration, Growth Dynamics of Trees outside the Gaps and Soil Properties in European Beech Forests of Southern Italy
title_full	Effects of Gap Size and Cardinal Directions on Natural Regeneration, Growth Dynamics of Trees outside the Gaps and Soil Properties in European Beech Forests of Southern Italy
title_fullStr	Effects of Gap Size and Cardinal Directions on Natural Regeneration, Growth Dynamics of Trees outside the Gaps and Soil Properties in European Beech Forests of Southern Italy
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of Gap Size and Cardinal Directions on Natural Regeneration, Growth Dynamics of Trees outside the Gaps and Soil Properties in European Beech Forests of Southern Italy
title_sort	effects of gap size and cardinal directions on natural regeneration, growth dynamics of trees outside the gaps and soil properties in european beech forests of southern italy
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/93c4a01afc774aef8c558c7b2103249d
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Effects of Gap Size and Cardinal Directions on Natural Regeneration, Growth Dynamics of Trees outside the Gaps and Soil Properties in European Beech Forests of Southern Italy

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