The Relationship Between Savouring Beliefs, Optimism, and Subjective Happiness in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studying the impact of positive emotions on improving the health of people in the community, especially that of the elderly. The increase of positive emotions seems to be one of suitable coping strategies to contend the effects of the changes in...

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Autores principales:	Zabihollah KavehFarsani, Manijeh Kaveh, Sepideh Ghodrati Jabloo
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Publicado:	Razi University 2021
Materias:	savouring beliefs optimism life satisfaction happiness elderly Psychology BF1-990
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topic	savouring beliefs optimism life satisfaction happiness elderly Psychology BF1-990
spellingShingle	savouring beliefs optimism life satisfaction happiness elderly Psychology BF1-990 Zabihollah KavehFarsani Manijeh Kaveh Sepideh Ghodrati Jabloo The Relationship Between Savouring Beliefs, Optimism, and Subjective Happiness in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction
description	In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studying the impact of positive emotions on improving the health of people in the community, especially that of the elderly. The increase of positive emotions seems to be one of suitable coping strategies to contend the effects of the changes in (physical and mental) health of the elderly. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to evaluate the relationship of savouring beliefs and optimism with subjective happiness through the mediating role of life satisfaction. This was a descriptive study of correlational and structural equations modeling (SEM) type. The study population consisted of the elderly living in Shahrekord and Farsan in 2019-2020, among whom 200 were selected using convenience sampling method. Participants completed Lyubomirsky’s Subjective Happiness Scale, Bryant’s Savoring Beliefs Inventory, Diener’s Satisfaction with Life Scale, Scheier and Carver’s Life Orientation Test. Utilized to analyze the data was the structural equation modeling in SPSS (version 24) and AMOS (version 24) software. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between optimism, life satisfaction and savouring beliefs with happiness (P<0.001). Besides, the indirect effect of savoring beliefs and optimism on happiness through life satisfaction was approved (P<0.001). Therefore, it is suggested that counselors and psychologists working in the field of geriatrics apply measures such as savouring beliefs and optimism in their educational and clinical activities in order to increase subjective happiness of the elderly.ReferencesAghababaei, N., & Farahani, H. (2012). The role of trait gratitude in predicting psychological and subjective well-being. Developmental Psychology, 8 (29), 75-84. [Persian].Aghaie, E., Roshan, R., Mohamadkhani, P., Shaeeri, M., & Gholami-Fesharaki, M. (2017). Factor analysis and psychometric pharacteristics of the Persian version of savoring belief inventory (SBI). Avicenna Journal of Neuropsychophysiology, 4(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5812/ajnpp.58768Almasi, M., Mahmoudiani, S., & Jafari, M. )2015). Factors associated with feelings of happiness among the elderly. Iran Journal of Nursing, 27 (92), 23-32. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.29252/ijn.27.92.23Baird, B. M., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). Life satisfaction across the lifespan: Findings from two nationally representative panel studies. Social Indicators Research, 99(2), 183-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9584-9Baruth, M., Lee, D. C., Sui, X., Church, T. S., Marcus, B. H., Wilcox, S., & Blair, S. N. (2011). Emotional outlook on life predicts increases in physical activity among initially inactive men. Health Education & Behavior, 38(2), 150-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198110376352Biskas, M., Cheung, W., Juhl, J., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Hepper, E. (2018). A prologue to nostalgia: savouring creates nostalgic memories that foster optimism. Cognition and Emotion, 33(3),1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1458705Bryant, F. (2003). Savoring Beliefs Inventory (SBI): A scale for measuring beliefs about savouring. Journal of Mental Health, 12(2), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/0963823031000103489Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (2017). Savoring: A new model of positive experience: Psychology Press.Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Kalil, A., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L., & Thisted, R. A. (2008). Happiness and the invisible threads of social connection: The Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 195–219). Guilford Press.Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., & Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024569803230Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2014). Dispositional optimism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(6), 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.003 Carver, S. C., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 879-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006 Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2008). Positive psychological well-being and mortality: a quantitative review of prospective observational studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(7), 741-756. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31818105baCohn, M. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). In search of durable positive psychology interventions: Predictors and consequences of long-term positive behavior change. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(5), 355-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.508883 Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015952Conversano, C., Rotondo, A., Lensi, E., Della Vista, O., Arpone, F., & Reda, M. A. (2010). Optimism and its impact on mental and physical well-being. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 6, 25-29. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901006010025Deary, I. J., Corley, J., Gow, A. J., Harris, S. E., Houlihan, L. M., Marioni, R. E., Penke, L., Rafnsson, S. B., & Starr, J. M. (2009). Age-associated cognitive decline. British Medical Bulletin, 92(1), 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldp033Demirtaş, A. S. (2020). Optimism and happiness in undergraduate students: Cognitive flexibility and adjustment to university life as mediators. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 36(2), 320-329. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.381181Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Journal of Happiness Studies,7(4), 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-006-9007-xDiener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.09637214.2004.00501001.xDiener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13Efklides, A., Kalaitzidou, M., & Chankin, G. (2003). Subjective quality of life in old age in Greece: The effect of demographic factors, emotional state and adaptation to aging. European Psychologist, 8(3), 178-191. https://doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.8.3.178Fortier, M. S., & Morgan, T. L. (2021). How optimism and physical activity interplay to promote happiness. Current Psychology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01294-yGana, K., Bailly, N., Saada, Y., Joulain, M., & Alaphilippe, D. (2013). Does life satisfaction change in old age: Results from an 8-year longitudinal study. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(4), 540-552. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs093Geiger, P. J., Morey, J. N., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2017). Beliefs about savoring in older adulthood: Aging and perceived health affect temporal components of perceived savoring ability. Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 164-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.049Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Röcke, C., Lindenberger, U., & Smith, J. (2008). Decline in life satisfaction in old age: longitudinal evidence for links to distance-to-death. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 154-168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.154.Hamzehpoor Haghighi, T., & Asadi Majreh, S. (2019). Correlatives of happiness in university students: Optimism, meaning of life and coping strategies. Social Workmag, 8 (2), 5-12. [Persian]Haybron, D. (2007). Life satisfaction, ethical reflection, and the science of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(1), 99-138. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10902-006-9006-5Hoe, S. L. (2008). Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modeling technique. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 3(1), 76- 83.Hosieni, S., Rezaei, A., & Keykhosravi, Z. (2011). A comparison of old men and women’s social support, life satisfaction, happiness and depression. Quarterly Journal of Women and Society, 2(8),143-162. [Persian]Hurley, D. B., & Kwon, P. (2013). Savoring helps most when you have little: Interaction between savoring the moment and uplifts on positive affect and satisfaction with life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1261-1271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415016669146Jose, P. E., Lim, B. T., & Bryant, B. F. (2012). Does savoring increase happiness? A daily diary study. The Journal of Positive Psychology: Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice, 7(3), 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.671345Ju, H., Shin, J. W., Kim, C. w., Hyun, M. h., & Park, J. w. (2013). Mediational effect of meaning in life on the relationship between optimism and well-being in community elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 56(2), 309-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2012.08.008Jung, M.S., Muntaner, C., & Choi, M. K. (2010). Factors related to perceived life satisfaction among the elderly in South Korea. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 43(4), 292-300. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.4.292 Karami, J., Sanjabi, A., & Karimi, P. (2017). The prediction of life satisfaction among the elderly based on resilience and happiness. Aging Psychology, 2(4), 229-236. [Persian]Keykhosravi Beygzadeh, Z., Rezaei, A., & Khalouei, Y. (2015). The relationship between social support and life satisfaction with happiness among home-dwelling older adults in shiraz. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 10 (2),172-179. [Persian]Kim, J., Lee, S., Chun, S., Han, A., & Heo, J. (2017). The effects of leisure-time physical activity for optimism, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and positive affect among older adults with loneliness. Annals of Leisure Research, 20(4), 406-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2016.1238308Langston, C. A. (1994). Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1112. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1112Liu, B., Floud, S., Pirie, K., Green, J., Peto, R., Beral, V., & Collaborators, M. W. S. (2016). Does happiness itself directly affect mortality? The prospective UK Million Women Study. The Lancet, 387(10021), 874-881. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01087-9Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want: penguin.Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137-155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006824100041Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L., & Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life's triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(4), 692-708. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.692Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro III, A. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: findings from the veterans affairs normative aging study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.189Nemati, S., & Mehdipour, F. M. (2016). The relationship between life satisfaction and happiness: The mediating role of resiliency. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 8(3), 194-201. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v8n3p194Ng, S. T., Tey, N. P., & Asadullah, M. N. (2017). What matters for life satisfaction among the oldest-old? Evidence from China. PloS one, 12(2), 1-16. https://doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171799Quoidbach, J., Berry, E. V., Hansenne, M., & Mikolajczak, M. (2010). Positive emotion regulation and well-being: Comparing the impact of eight savoring and dampening strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 368-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.048Ramsey, M. A., & Gentzler, A. L. (2014). Age differences in subjective well-being across adulthood: The roles of savoring and future time perspective. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 78(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.78.1.bRamtin, S., & nikpeyma, N. (2020). Investigating the happiness promotion Strategies in Iranian older adults: a review article. Journal of Gerontology, 4 (4), 40-55. [Persian]Sadler, M. E., Miller, C. J., Christensen, K., & McGue, M. (2011). Subjective wellbeing and longevity: A co-twin control study. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 14(3), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.14.3.249Saleh Manige, H., Papi, S.h., Sahaf, R., Abbasi, A.S. M., Ramshini, M., Rassafiani, M., & et al. (2020). Predicting the perception of aging based on optimism in the elderly people Iranian. Journal of Ageing, 14(4), 450-461. [Persian]Scheier, M.F, & Carver, C.S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized. outcome expectancies. Health psychology, 4(3), 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219Schueller, S. M. (2010). Preferences for positive psychology exercises. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(3), 192-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439761003790948Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410-421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410Seligman, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5Shapira, L. B., & Mongrain, M. (2010). The benefits of self-compassion and optimism exercises for individuals vulnerable to depression. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(5), 377-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.516763Sheikhi, M., Hooman, H. A., Ahadi, H., & Mansour, M. (2010). Psychometric characteristics of life satisfaction scale. Journal of Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 5 (19), 26-36. [Persian]Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well‐being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice‐friendly meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467-487. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593.Singh, K., & Shalimi, D. J.)2008. Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34, 40-45.Smith, J. L., & Bryant, F. B. (2016). The benefits of savoring life: Savoring as a moderator of the relationship between health and life satisfaction in older adults. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 84(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415016669146Smith, J. L., & Hanni, A. A. (2019). Effects of a savoring intervention on resilience and well-being of older adults. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 38(1), 137-152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464817693375Smith, J. L., & Hollinger-Smith, L. (2015). Savoring, resilience, and psychological well-being in older adults. Aging & mental health, 19(3), 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2014.986647Stanojević, D., Krstić, M., Jaredić, B., & Dimitrijević, B. (2014). Proactive coping as a mediator between resources and outcomes: A structural equations modeling analysis. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9(4), 871-885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-013-9274-2Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(22), 9985-9990. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1003744107Subaşı, F., & Hayran, O. (2005). Evaluation of life satisfaction index of the elderly people living in nursing homes. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 41(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2004.10.005Tajabadi, Z., & Dehghani, F. (2021). The prediction of the life satisfaction based on the attachment styles and gratitude in the elderly living in a nursing home. Aging Psychology, 7(1), 81-69. [Persian].Trompetter, H., Lamers, S., Westerhof, G. J., Fledderus, M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017). Both positive mental health and psychopathology should be monitored in psychotherapy: Confirmation for the dual-factor model in acceptance and commitment therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 91, 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.008Vahedi Kojnagh, H., Afshari, A., Rezaei Malajagh, R., Eghbali, A., & Taheri, M. (2020). The prediction of the elderly’s life satisfaction based on health-promoting lifestyle. Aging Psychology, 6(3), 297-285. [Persian]Valizadeh, H. & Ahmadi, V. (2021). The effectiveness of acceptance and aommitment-based Therapy on the quality of life and death anxiety in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 7(2), 153-166. [Persian]Veenhoven, R. (2009). How do we assess how happy we are? Tenets, implications and tenability of three theories. Happiness, Economics and Politics, 3, 45-69. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849801973.00009Vijayshri, N. (2015). Life satisfaction Influenced by optimistic and pessimistic attitude: A study of older adults. International Journal of Scientific Research, 5(1), 728-731. https://doi.org/10.36106/ijsrWarren, P., Van Eck, K., Townley, G., & Kloos, B. (2015). Relationships among religious coping, optimism, and outcomes for persons with psychiatric disabilities. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(2), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038346Wilson, C. A. (2016). The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Resiliency, and Mental Health in Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Savouring. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3844. https:// doi.org/ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3844.Wilson, C. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2018). The relationship between trait emotional intelligence, resiliency, and mental health in older adults: the mediating role of savouring. Aging & Mental Health, 22(5), 646-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1292207Yavari, K., Basakha, M., Sadeghi, H., & Naseri, A. (2015). Economic Aspects of Ageing. Salmand. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 10 (1), 92-105. [Persian]
format	article
author	Zabihollah KavehFarsani Manijeh Kaveh Sepideh Ghodrati Jabloo
author_facet	Zabihollah KavehFarsani Manijeh Kaveh Sepideh Ghodrati Jabloo
author_sort	Zabihollah KavehFarsani
title	The Relationship Between Savouring Beliefs, Optimism, and Subjective Happiness in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction
title_short	The Relationship Between Savouring Beliefs, Optimism, and Subjective Happiness in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction
title_full	The Relationship Between Savouring Beliefs, Optimism, and Subjective Happiness in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction
title_fullStr	The Relationship Between Savouring Beliefs, Optimism, and Subjective Happiness in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction
title_full_unstemmed	The Relationship Between Savouring Beliefs, Optimism, and Subjective Happiness in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction
title_sort	relationship between savouring beliefs, optimism, and subjective happiness in the elderly: the mediating role of life satisfaction
publisher	Razi University
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/93d6739ecbb9406ea519b776bd9ef4ed
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:93d6739ecbb9406ea519b776bd9ef4ed2021-11-10T18:44:46ZThe Relationship Between Savouring Beliefs, Optimism, and Subjective Happiness in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction2423-76472476-683610.22126/jap.2021.6345.1522https://doaj.org/article/93d6739ecbb9406ea519b776bd9ef4ed2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_1886_0cb7a35c14a3ace127a4a24e323457a5.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/2423-7647https://doaj.org/toc/2476-6836In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studying the impact of positive emotions on improving the health of people in the community, especially that of the elderly. The increase of positive emotions seems to be one of suitable coping strategies to contend the effects of the changes in (physical and mental) health of the elderly. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to evaluate the relationship of savouring beliefs and optimism with subjective happiness through the mediating role of life satisfaction. This was a descriptive study of correlational and structural equations modeling (SEM) type. The study population consisted of the elderly living in Shahrekord and Farsan in 2019-2020, among whom 200 were selected using convenience sampling method. Participants completed Lyubomirsky’s Subjective Happiness Scale, Bryant’s Savoring Beliefs Inventory, Diener’s Satisfaction with Life Scale, Scheier and Carver’s Life Orientation Test. Utilized to analyze the data was the structural equation modeling in SPSS (version 24) and AMOS (version 24) software. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between optimism, life satisfaction and savouring beliefs with happiness (P<0.001). Besides, the indirect effect of savoring beliefs and optimism on happiness through life satisfaction was approved (P<0.001). Therefore, it is suggested that counselors and psychologists working in the field of geriatrics apply measures such as savouring beliefs and optimism in their educational and clinical activities in order to increase subjective happiness of the elderly.ReferencesAghababaei, N., & Farahani, H. (2012). The role of trait gratitude in predicting psychological and subjective well-being. Developmental Psychology, 8 (29), 75-84. [Persian].Aghaie, E., Roshan, R., Mohamadkhani, P., Shaeeri, M., & Gholami-Fesharaki, M. (2017). Factor analysis and psychometric pharacteristics of the Persian version of savoring belief inventory (SBI). Avicenna Journal of Neuropsychophysiology, 4(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5812/ajnpp.58768Almasi, M., Mahmoudiani, S., & Jafari, M. )2015). Factors associated with feelings of happiness among the elderly. Iran Journal of Nursing, 27 (92), 23-32. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.29252/ijn.27.92.23Baird, B. M., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). Life satisfaction across the lifespan: Findings from two nationally representative panel studies. Social Indicators Research, 99(2), 183-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9584-9Baruth, M., Lee, D. C., Sui, X., Church, T. S., Marcus, B. H., Wilcox, S., & Blair, S. N. (2011). Emotional outlook on life predicts increases in physical activity among initially inactive men. Health Education & Behavior, 38(2), 150-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198110376352Biskas, M., Cheung, W., Juhl, J., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Hepper, E. (2018). A prologue to nostalgia: savouring creates nostalgic memories that foster optimism. Cognition and Emotion, 33(3),1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1458705Bryant, F. (2003). Savoring Beliefs Inventory (SBI): A scale for measuring beliefs about savouring. 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[Persian]Zabihollah KavehFarsaniManijeh KavehSepideh Ghodrati JablooRazi Universityarticlesavouring beliefsoptimismlife satisfactionhappinesselderlyPsychologyBF1-990FAروانشناسی پیری, Vol 7, Iss 3, Pp 245-229 (2021)

The Relationship Between Savouring Beliefs, Optimism, and Subjective Happiness in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction

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