Comparative analysis the performance of electrochemical water softening between high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields based on orthogonal experimental methods
Electrochemical water softening has been widely used in industrial circulating cooling water systems; however, their low deposition efficiency is the main drawback that limits usage in medium to large enterprises. In this work, the effect of different parameters on the hardness removal efficiency an...
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oai:doaj.org-article:93e1454b8a8e4adb8e0cb0b03006a2772021-11-06T10:54:21ZComparative analysis the performance of electrochemical water softening between high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields based on orthogonal experimental methods0273-12231996-973210.2166/wst.2021.084https://doaj.org/article/93e1454b8a8e4adb8e0cb0b03006a2772021-04-01T00:00:00Zhttp://wst.iwaponline.com/content/83/7/1677https://doaj.org/toc/0273-1223https://doaj.org/toc/1996-9732Electrochemical water softening has been widely used in industrial circulating cooling water systems; however, their low deposition efficiency is the main drawback that limits usage in medium to large enterprises. In this work, the effect of different parameters on the hardness removal efficiency and energy consumption of the electrochemical water softening system is experimentally studied, and the performance of water softening applied by high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields are comparative analyzed. The impact factors of the electrochemical water softening system are as follows: initial feed concentration of solute, magnitude of voltage, inter-electrode distance, area of cathode and frequency of power supply. To improve the analysis efficiency, the L25 (55) orthogonal table is used to investigate the five different factors at five levels. The experimental results are shown that the initial feed concentration of solute is the most significant factor affecting the hardness removal efficiency. The optimal combination for water softening in the group applied by high frequency electric field and direct current electric field are A3B2C1D4E3 and A2B5C3D1 respectively. The energy utilization of the device applied by high frequency electric field is 3.2 times that applied by direct current electric field. The practice shows that direct current electric fields have a better softening effect, and are is more suitable for scaling ion removal. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to observe the flow field induced by the electrolysis and found that the vertical and horizontal velocities of the flow field at low voltage are conducive to the migration of scaled ions to the cathode, and then the electrolytic reaction and deposition reaction synergy effect is the optimal. HIGHLIGHTS Orthogonal experiments were used to optimize electrochemical water softening.; The initial concentration determines the electrochemical softening rate.; PIV technology is used to analyze mass transfer process.; Water softening performance depends on the synergistic reaction of electrolysis and mass transfer.; Water softening performance is enhanced by high frequency electric field.;Wei LinZhonghao WangWei WangQi ChenJianmin XuJiuyang YuIWA Publishingarticleelectric fieldelectrochemical water softeningorthogonal experimentpivEnvironmental technology. Sanitary engineeringTD1-1066ENWater Science and Technology, Vol 83, Iss 7, Pp 1677-1690 (2021) |
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DOAJ |
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DOAJ |
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EN |
| topic |
electric field electrochemical water softening orthogonal experiment piv Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 |
| spellingShingle |
electric field electrochemical water softening orthogonal experiment piv Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Wei Lin Zhonghao Wang Wei Wang Qi Chen Jianmin Xu Jiuyang Yu Comparative analysis the performance of electrochemical water softening between high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields based on orthogonal experimental methods |
| description |
Electrochemical water softening has been widely used in industrial circulating cooling water systems; however, their low deposition efficiency is the main drawback that limits usage in medium to large enterprises. In this work, the effect of different parameters on the hardness removal efficiency and energy consumption of the electrochemical water softening system is experimentally studied, and the performance of water softening applied by high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields are comparative analyzed. The impact factors of the electrochemical water softening system are as follows: initial feed concentration of solute, magnitude of voltage, inter-electrode distance, area of cathode and frequency of power supply. To improve the analysis efficiency, the L25 (55) orthogonal table is used to investigate the five different factors at five levels. The experimental results are shown that the initial feed concentration of solute is the most significant factor affecting the hardness removal efficiency. The optimal combination for water softening in the group applied by high frequency electric field and direct current electric field are A3B2C1D4E3 and A2B5C3D1 respectively. The energy utilization of the device applied by high frequency electric field is 3.2 times that applied by direct current electric field. The practice shows that direct current electric fields have a better softening effect, and are is more suitable for scaling ion removal. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to observe the flow field induced by the electrolysis and found that the vertical and horizontal velocities of the flow field at low voltage are conducive to the migration of scaled ions to the cathode, and then the electrolytic reaction and deposition reaction synergy effect is the optimal. HIGHLIGHTS
Orthogonal experiments were used to optimize electrochemical water softening.;
The initial concentration determines the electrochemical softening rate.;
PIV technology is used to analyze mass transfer process.;
Water softening performance depends on the synergistic reaction of electrolysis and mass transfer.;
Water softening performance is enhanced by high frequency electric field.; |
| format |
article |
| author |
Wei Lin Zhonghao Wang Wei Wang Qi Chen Jianmin Xu Jiuyang Yu |
| author_facet |
Wei Lin Zhonghao Wang Wei Wang Qi Chen Jianmin Xu Jiuyang Yu |
| author_sort |
Wei Lin |
| title |
Comparative analysis the performance of electrochemical water softening between high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields based on orthogonal experimental methods |
| title_short |
Comparative analysis the performance of electrochemical water softening between high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields based on orthogonal experimental methods |
| title_full |
Comparative analysis the performance of electrochemical water softening between high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields based on orthogonal experimental methods |
| title_fullStr |
Comparative analysis the performance of electrochemical water softening between high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields based on orthogonal experimental methods |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Comparative analysis the performance of electrochemical water softening between high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields based on orthogonal experimental methods |
| title_sort |
comparative analysis the performance of electrochemical water softening between high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields based on orthogonal experimental methods |
| publisher |
IWA Publishing |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/93e1454b8a8e4adb8e0cb0b03006a277 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT weilin comparativeanalysistheperformanceofelectrochemicalwatersofteningbetweenhighfrequencyelectricfieldsanddirectcurrentelectricfieldsbasedonorthogonalexperimentalmethods AT zhonghaowang comparativeanalysistheperformanceofelectrochemicalwatersofteningbetweenhighfrequencyelectricfieldsanddirectcurrentelectricfieldsbasedonorthogonalexperimentalmethods AT weiwang comparativeanalysistheperformanceofelectrochemicalwatersofteningbetweenhighfrequencyelectricfieldsanddirectcurrentelectricfieldsbasedonorthogonalexperimentalmethods AT qichen comparativeanalysistheperformanceofelectrochemicalwatersofteningbetweenhighfrequencyelectricfieldsanddirectcurrentelectricfieldsbasedonorthogonalexperimentalmethods AT jianminxu comparativeanalysistheperformanceofelectrochemicalwatersofteningbetweenhighfrequencyelectricfieldsanddirectcurrentelectricfieldsbasedonorthogonalexperimentalmethods AT jiuyangyu comparativeanalysistheperformanceofelectrochemicalwatersofteningbetweenhighfrequencyelectricfieldsanddirectcurrentelectricfieldsbasedonorthogonalexperimentalmethods |
| _version_ |
1718443746796765184 |