Oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency

In this study, we examined activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers for their nanomaterial characteristics and their potential effectiveness in heavy metal removal. To investigate these properties, transmission electron microscopy...

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Autores principales: Salma Zubaidah, Adisti Permatasari Putri Hartoyo, Januard Kristian Sihombing, Elis Nina Herliyana, Saptadi Darmawan, Nela Rahmati Sari, Muhammad Naufal Ibrahim Prabowo, Imam Hermawan, Isna Maulida, Achmad Solikhin
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Publicado: IWA Publishing 2021
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Acceso en línea:https://doaj.org/article/93e3825eb2b34f41aee53db6ea94f5bb
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:93e3825eb2b34f41aee53db6ea94f5bb2021-11-06T11:07:30ZOil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency0273-12231996-973210.2166/wst.2021.166https://doaj.org/article/93e3825eb2b34f41aee53db6ea94f5bb2021-06-01T00:00:00Zhttp://wst.iwaponline.com/content/83/11/2652https://doaj.org/toc/0273-1223https://doaj.org/toc/1996-9732In this study, we examined activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers for their nanomaterial characteristics and their potential effectiveness in heavy metal removal. To investigate these properties, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDX, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry were employed. This study shows that both the activated and the non-activated CNPs were in the form of well-dispersed and aggregated particles. As analyzed using SEM, the external surfaces of the non-activated CNPs were determined to be irregular, while those of the activated CNPs had a more circular shape without aggregation. Carbon was the most dominant element observed in these CNPs, and the occurrence of its activation process altered the chemical functional groups of the non-activated CNPs by shifting their wavenumbers and intensities. Additionally, the activation process increased the crystallinity domain in the activated CNPs. OPEFB fibers could be valorized to obtain both activated and non-activated CNPs that had the potential efficiency to remove heavy metals, including copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) at certain times. Based on the analysis of the Langmuir and Freundlich models, the activated and non-activated CNPs were found to have shown favorable adsorption to Cu, Pb, and Fe, with a percentage of heavy metal removal of over 84%. The adsorption of heavy metals was carried out via a chemical process. HIGHLIGHTS Nanocarbon based oil palm lignocellulose.; Isolation method for nanocarbon.; Comparative characteristics of nanocarbon.;Salma ZubaidahAdisti Permatasari Putri HartoyoJanuard Kristian SihombingElis Nina HerliyanaSaptadi DarmawanNela Rahmati SariMuhammad Naufal Ibrahim PrabowoImam HermawanIsna MaulidaAchmad SolikhinIWA Publishingarticlecarbon nanoparticlesheavy metals removalnanomaterial characterizationsoil palm valorizationEnvironmental technology. Sanitary engineeringTD1-1066ENWater Science and Technology, Vol 83, Iss 11, Pp 2652-2668 (2021)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic carbon nanoparticles
heavy metals removal
nanomaterial characterizations
oil palm valorization
Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering
TD1-1066
spellingShingle carbon nanoparticles
heavy metals removal
nanomaterial characterizations
oil palm valorization
Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering
TD1-1066
Salma Zubaidah
Adisti Permatasari Putri Hartoyo
Januard Kristian Sihombing
Elis Nina Herliyana
Saptadi Darmawan
Nela Rahmati Sari
Muhammad Naufal Ibrahim Prabowo
Imam Hermawan
Isna Maulida
Achmad Solikhin
Oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency
description In this study, we examined activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers for their nanomaterial characteristics and their potential effectiveness in heavy metal removal. To investigate these properties, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDX, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry were employed. This study shows that both the activated and the non-activated CNPs were in the form of well-dispersed and aggregated particles. As analyzed using SEM, the external surfaces of the non-activated CNPs were determined to be irregular, while those of the activated CNPs had a more circular shape without aggregation. Carbon was the most dominant element observed in these CNPs, and the occurrence of its activation process altered the chemical functional groups of the non-activated CNPs by shifting their wavenumbers and intensities. Additionally, the activation process increased the crystallinity domain in the activated CNPs. OPEFB fibers could be valorized to obtain both activated and non-activated CNPs that had the potential efficiency to remove heavy metals, including copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) at certain times. Based on the analysis of the Langmuir and Freundlich models, the activated and non-activated CNPs were found to have shown favorable adsorption to Cu, Pb, and Fe, with a percentage of heavy metal removal of over 84%. The adsorption of heavy metals was carried out via a chemical process. HIGHLIGHTS Nanocarbon based oil palm lignocellulose.; Isolation method for nanocarbon.; Comparative characteristics of nanocarbon.;
format article
author Salma Zubaidah
Adisti Permatasari Putri Hartoyo
Januard Kristian Sihombing
Elis Nina Herliyana
Saptadi Darmawan
Nela Rahmati Sari
Muhammad Naufal Ibrahim Prabowo
Imam Hermawan
Isna Maulida
Achmad Solikhin
author_facet Salma Zubaidah
Adisti Permatasari Putri Hartoyo
Januard Kristian Sihombing
Elis Nina Herliyana
Saptadi Darmawan
Nela Rahmati Sari
Muhammad Naufal Ibrahim Prabowo
Imam Hermawan
Isna Maulida
Achmad Solikhin
author_sort Salma Zubaidah
title Oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency
title_short Oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency
title_full Oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency
title_fullStr Oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency
title_full_unstemmed Oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency
title_sort oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency
publisher IWA Publishing
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/93e3825eb2b34f41aee53db6ea94f5bb
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