Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 2019

<b>Introduction:</b> To realize the global goals of eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030, it is necessary to monitor the status of disease among target populations and undertake the required interventions. This study is the third round of surveys to det...

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Autores principales:	Ghobad Moradi, Seyed Moayed Alavian, Fatemeh Gholami, Rashid Ramezani, Leila Ahangarzadeh, Yousef Moradi, Heidar Sharafi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	hepatitis B hepatitis C epidemiology prison Iran Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/940346b7dea44ec8a4b234b63b3f1cd9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:940346b7dea44ec8a4b234b63b3f1cd92021-11-25T18:38:55ZPrevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 201910.3390/pathogens101115222076-0817https://doaj.org/article/940346b7dea44ec8a4b234b63b3f1cd92021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/11/1522https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817<b>Introduction:</b> To realize the global goals of eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030, it is necessary to monitor the status of disease among target populations and undertake the required interventions. This study is the third round of surveys to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections among incarcerated individuals in different provinces of Iran. <b>Methods:</b> This study was conducted in five provinces of Iran (including Kurdistan, Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, Markazi, and Semnan) in 2019. The subjects of the study were selected from incarcerated people in prisons of all provinces that had not been studied in the previous two rounds of the surveys (in 2015 and 2016) in Iran. In this study, 15 prisons were selected and 2475 incarcerated individuals were enrolled into the study based on the multistage sampling method; the selected subjects were surveyed and their dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected to test HBsAg and HCV-Ab. In cases with a reactive result for HCV-Ab, an HCV-RNA test was also performed on their serum samples. The relationships between independent variables and outcomes were evaluated via logistic regression. <b>Results:</b> Of all participants (2475 subjects) enrolled in the study, 54.18% were selected from northern provinces and 45.82% from the central provinces. The prevalence of HCV-Ab and HBsAg among incarcerated individuals was 5.66% (95% CI: 4.81% to 6.64%) and 2.42% (95% CI: 1.89% to 3.11%), respectively. Among HCV-seropositive individuals, 73.68% (95% CI: 64.70% to 81.01%) had current HCV infection (detectable HCV-RNA). The results showed that histories of imprisonment, drug use, unprotected sexual contact, drug injection, tattooing, and younger age in the first-time drug use in incarcerated individuals significantly increased the risk of HCV transmission. Among these behaviors, drug injection was more likely than other behaviors to result in contracting HCV in incarcerated individuals (OR: 22.91; 95% CI: 14.92–35.18; <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusion:</b> To achieve international and national strategies targeted to eliminate HCV and HBV by 2030, it is necessary to pay special attention to prisons in Iran. It is recommended to continue HBV vaccination of eligible people in prisons. Developing screening and treatment protocols for individuals with HCV infection in prisons can help the country to achieve HCV elimination goals.Ghobad MoradiSeyed Moayed AlavianFatemeh GholamiRashid RamezaniLeila AhangarzadehYousef MoradiHeidar SharafiMDPI AGarticlehepatitis Bhepatitis CepidemiologyprisonIranMedicineRENPathogens, Vol 10, Iss 1522, p 1522 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	hepatitis B hepatitis C epidemiology prison Iran Medicine R
spellingShingle	hepatitis B hepatitis C epidemiology prison Iran Medicine R Ghobad Moradi Seyed Moayed Alavian Fatemeh Gholami Rashid Ramezani Leila Ahangarzadeh Yousef Moradi Heidar Sharafi Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 2019
description	<b>Introduction:</b> To realize the global goals of eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030, it is necessary to monitor the status of disease among target populations and undertake the required interventions. This study is the third round of surveys to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections among incarcerated individuals in different provinces of Iran. <b>Methods:</b> This study was conducted in five provinces of Iran (including Kurdistan, Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, Markazi, and Semnan) in 2019. The subjects of the study were selected from incarcerated people in prisons of all provinces that had not been studied in the previous two rounds of the surveys (in 2015 and 2016) in Iran. In this study, 15 prisons were selected and 2475 incarcerated individuals were enrolled into the study based on the multistage sampling method; the selected subjects were surveyed and their dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected to test HBsAg and HCV-Ab. In cases with a reactive result for HCV-Ab, an HCV-RNA test was also performed on their serum samples. The relationships between independent variables and outcomes were evaluated via logistic regression. <b>Results:</b> Of all participants (2475 subjects) enrolled in the study, 54.18% were selected from northern provinces and 45.82% from the central provinces. The prevalence of HCV-Ab and HBsAg among incarcerated individuals was 5.66% (95% CI: 4.81% to 6.64%) and 2.42% (95% CI: 1.89% to 3.11%), respectively. Among HCV-seropositive individuals, 73.68% (95% CI: 64.70% to 81.01%) had current HCV infection (detectable HCV-RNA). The results showed that histories of imprisonment, drug use, unprotected sexual contact, drug injection, tattooing, and younger age in the first-time drug use in incarcerated individuals significantly increased the risk of HCV transmission. Among these behaviors, drug injection was more likely than other behaviors to result in contracting HCV in incarcerated individuals (OR: 22.91; 95% CI: 14.92–35.18; <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusion:</b> To achieve international and national strategies targeted to eliminate HCV and HBV by 2030, it is necessary to pay special attention to prisons in Iran. It is recommended to continue HBV vaccination of eligible people in prisons. Developing screening and treatment protocols for individuals with HCV infection in prisons can help the country to achieve HCV elimination goals.
format	article
author	Ghobad Moradi Seyed Moayed Alavian Fatemeh Gholami Rashid Ramezani Leila Ahangarzadeh Yousef Moradi Heidar Sharafi
author_facet	Ghobad Moradi Seyed Moayed Alavian Fatemeh Gholami Rashid Ramezani Leila Ahangarzadeh Yousef Moradi Heidar Sharafi
author_sort	Ghobad Moradi
title	Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 2019
title_short	Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 2019
title_full	Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 2019
title_fullStr	Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 2019
title_full_unstemmed	Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 2019
title_sort	prevalence of hepatitis b and hepatitis c infections among incarcerated individuals in iran: a cross-sectional national bio-behavioral study in 2019
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/940346b7dea44ec8a4b234b63b3f1cd9
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Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 2019

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