The influence of sex, gender, age, and ethnicity on psychosocial factors and substance use throughout phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.
<h4>Objectives</h4>The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has had profound physical and mental health effects on populations around the world. Limited empirical research has used a gender-based lens to evaluate the mental health impacts of the pandemic, overlooking the impact of public healt...
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:94166eee3b9448918b9e56cea0e5e7152021-12-02T20:16:19ZThe influence of sex, gender, age, and ethnicity on psychosocial factors and substance use throughout phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0259676https://doaj.org/article/94166eee3b9448918b9e56cea0e5e7152021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259676https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Objectives</h4>The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has had profound physical and mental health effects on populations around the world. Limited empirical research has used a gender-based lens to evaluate the mental health impacts of the pandemic, overlooking the impact of public health measures on marginalized groups, such as women, and the gender diverse community. This study used a gender-based analysis to determine the prevalence of psychosocial symptoms and substance use (alcohol and cannabis use in particular) by age, ethnicity, income, rurality, education level, Indigenous status, and sexual orientation.<h4>Methods</h4>Participants in the study were recruited from previously established cohorts as a part of the COVID-19 Rapid Evidence Study of a Provincial Population-Based Cohort for Gender and Sex (RESPPONSE) study. Those who agreed to participate were asked to self-report symptoms of depression, anxiety, pandemic stress, loneliness, alcohol use, and cannabis use across five phases of the pandemic as well as retrospectively before the pandemic.<h4>Results</h4>For all psychosocial outcomes, there was a significant effect of time with all five phases of the pandemic being associated with more symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness relative to pre-COVID levels (p < .0001). Gender was significantly associated with all outcomes (p < .0001) with men exhibiting lower scores (i.e., fewer symptoms) than women and gender diverse participants, and women exhibiting lower scores than the gender diverse group. Other significant predictors were age (younger populations experiencing more symptoms, p < .0001), ethnicity (Chinese/Taiwanese individuals experiencing fewer symptoms, p = .005), and Indigenous status (Indigenous individuals experiencing more symptoms, p < .0001). Alcohol use and cannabis use increased relative to pre-pandemic levels, and women reported a greater increase in cannabis use than men (p < .0001).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our findings highlight the need for policy makers and leaders to prioritize women, gender-diverse individuals, and young people when tailoring public health measures for future pandemics.Lori A BrottoKyle ChankasinghAlexandra BaaskeArianne AlbertAmy BoothAngela KaidaLaurie W SmithSarai RaceyAnna GottschlichMelanie C M MurrayManish SadaranganiGina S OgilvieLiisa GaleaPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 11, p e0259676 (2021) |
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DOAJ |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
Medicine R Science Q |
| spellingShingle |
Medicine R Science Q Lori A Brotto Kyle Chankasingh Alexandra Baaske Arianne Albert Amy Booth Angela Kaida Laurie W Smith Sarai Racey Anna Gottschlich Melanie C M Murray Manish Sadarangani Gina S Ogilvie Liisa Galea The influence of sex, gender, age, and ethnicity on psychosocial factors and substance use throughout phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| description |
<h4>Objectives</h4>The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has had profound physical and mental health effects on populations around the world. Limited empirical research has used a gender-based lens to evaluate the mental health impacts of the pandemic, overlooking the impact of public health measures on marginalized groups, such as women, and the gender diverse community. This study used a gender-based analysis to determine the prevalence of psychosocial symptoms and substance use (alcohol and cannabis use in particular) by age, ethnicity, income, rurality, education level, Indigenous status, and sexual orientation.<h4>Methods</h4>Participants in the study were recruited from previously established cohorts as a part of the COVID-19 Rapid Evidence Study of a Provincial Population-Based Cohort for Gender and Sex (RESPPONSE) study. Those who agreed to participate were asked to self-report symptoms of depression, anxiety, pandemic stress, loneliness, alcohol use, and cannabis use across five phases of the pandemic as well as retrospectively before the pandemic.<h4>Results</h4>For all psychosocial outcomes, there was a significant effect of time with all five phases of the pandemic being associated with more symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness relative to pre-COVID levels (p < .0001). Gender was significantly associated with all outcomes (p < .0001) with men exhibiting lower scores (i.e., fewer symptoms) than women and gender diverse participants, and women exhibiting lower scores than the gender diverse group. Other significant predictors were age (younger populations experiencing more symptoms, p < .0001), ethnicity (Chinese/Taiwanese individuals experiencing fewer symptoms, p = .005), and Indigenous status (Indigenous individuals experiencing more symptoms, p < .0001). Alcohol use and cannabis use increased relative to pre-pandemic levels, and women reported a greater increase in cannabis use than men (p < .0001).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our findings highlight the need for policy makers and leaders to prioritize women, gender-diverse individuals, and young people when tailoring public health measures for future pandemics. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Lori A Brotto Kyle Chankasingh Alexandra Baaske Arianne Albert Amy Booth Angela Kaida Laurie W Smith Sarai Racey Anna Gottschlich Melanie C M Murray Manish Sadarangani Gina S Ogilvie Liisa Galea |
| author_facet |
Lori A Brotto Kyle Chankasingh Alexandra Baaske Arianne Albert Amy Booth Angela Kaida Laurie W Smith Sarai Racey Anna Gottschlich Melanie C M Murray Manish Sadarangani Gina S Ogilvie Liisa Galea |
| author_sort |
Lori A Brotto |
| title |
The influence of sex, gender, age, and ethnicity on psychosocial factors and substance use throughout phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| title_short |
The influence of sex, gender, age, and ethnicity on psychosocial factors and substance use throughout phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| title_full |
The influence of sex, gender, age, and ethnicity on psychosocial factors and substance use throughout phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| title_fullStr |
The influence of sex, gender, age, and ethnicity on psychosocial factors and substance use throughout phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The influence of sex, gender, age, and ethnicity on psychosocial factors and substance use throughout phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| title_sort |
influence of sex, gender, age, and ethnicity on psychosocial factors and substance use throughout phases of the covid-19 pandemic. |
| publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/94166eee3b9448918b9e56cea0e5e715 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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