A machine learning model of microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by the pathogenic bacterium Leptospira. The Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) is widely used as the gold standard for diagnosis of leptospirosis. In this method, diluted patient serum is mixed with serotype-determined Leptospires, and the presence or absence of...

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Autores principales:	Yuji Oyamada, Ryo Ozuru, Toshiyuki Masuzawa, Satoshi Miyahara, Yasuhiko Nikaido, Fumiko Obata, Mitsumasa Saito, Sharon Yvette Angelina M. Villanueva, Jun Fujii
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/948e64049c6f4dd2802db565923c38d5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:948e64049c6f4dd2802db565923c38d52021-11-25T06:10:50ZA machine learning model of microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis1932-6203https://doaj.org/article/948e64049c6f4dd2802db565923c38d52021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8594833/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by the pathogenic bacterium Leptospira. The Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) is widely used as the gold standard for diagnosis of leptospirosis. In this method, diluted patient serum is mixed with serotype-determined Leptospires, and the presence or absence of aggregation is determined under a dark-field microscope to calculate the antibody titer. Problems of the current MAT method are 1) a requirement of examining many specimens per sample, and 2) a need of distinguishing contaminants from true aggregates to accurately identify positivity. Therefore, increasing efficiency and accuracy are the key to refine MAT. It is possible to achieve efficiency and standardize accuracy at the same time by automating the decision-making process. In this study, we built an automatic identification algorithm of MAT using a machine learning method to determine agglutination within microscopic images. The machine learned the features from 316 positive and 230 negative MAT images created with sera of Leptospira-infected (positive) and non-infected (negative) hamsters, respectively. In addition to the acquired original images, wavelet-transformed images were also considered as features. We utilized a support vector machine (SVM) as a proposed decision method. We validated the trained SVMs with 210 positive and 154 negative images. When the features were obtained from original or wavelet-transformed images, all negative images were misjudged as positive, and the classification performance was very low with sensitivity of 1 and specificity of 0. In contrast, when the histograms of wavelet coefficients were used as features, the performance was greatly improved with sensitivity of 0.99 and specificity of 0.99. We confirmed that the current algorithm judges the positive or negative of agglutinations in MAT images and gives the further possibility of automatizing MAT procedure.Yuji OyamadaRyo OzuruToshiyuki MasuzawaSatoshi MiyaharaYasuhiko NikaidoFumiko ObataMitsumasa SaitoSharon Yvette Angelina M. VillanuevaJun FujiiPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 11 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Yuji Oyamada Ryo Ozuru Toshiyuki Masuzawa Satoshi Miyahara Yasuhiko Nikaido Fumiko Obata Mitsumasa Saito Sharon Yvette Angelina M. Villanueva Jun Fujii A machine learning model of microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis
description	Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by the pathogenic bacterium Leptospira. The Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) is widely used as the gold standard for diagnosis of leptospirosis. In this method, diluted patient serum is mixed with serotype-determined Leptospires, and the presence or absence of aggregation is determined under a dark-field microscope to calculate the antibody titer. Problems of the current MAT method are 1) a requirement of examining many specimens per sample, and 2) a need of distinguishing contaminants from true aggregates to accurately identify positivity. Therefore, increasing efficiency and accuracy are the key to refine MAT. It is possible to achieve efficiency and standardize accuracy at the same time by automating the decision-making process. In this study, we built an automatic identification algorithm of MAT using a machine learning method to determine agglutination within microscopic images. The machine learned the features from 316 positive and 230 negative MAT images created with sera of Leptospira-infected (positive) and non-infected (negative) hamsters, respectively. In addition to the acquired original images, wavelet-transformed images were also considered as features. We utilized a support vector machine (SVM) as a proposed decision method. We validated the trained SVMs with 210 positive and 154 negative images. When the features were obtained from original or wavelet-transformed images, all negative images were misjudged as positive, and the classification performance was very low with sensitivity of 1 and specificity of 0. In contrast, when the histograms of wavelet coefficients were used as features, the performance was greatly improved with sensitivity of 0.99 and specificity of 0.99. We confirmed that the current algorithm judges the positive or negative of agglutinations in MAT images and gives the further possibility of automatizing MAT procedure.
format	article
author	Yuji Oyamada Ryo Ozuru Toshiyuki Masuzawa Satoshi Miyahara Yasuhiko Nikaido Fumiko Obata Mitsumasa Saito Sharon Yvette Angelina M. Villanueva Jun Fujii
author_facet	Yuji Oyamada Ryo Ozuru Toshiyuki Masuzawa Satoshi Miyahara Yasuhiko Nikaido Fumiko Obata Mitsumasa Saito Sharon Yvette Angelina M. Villanueva Jun Fujii
author_sort	Yuji Oyamada
title	A machine learning model of microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis
title_short	A machine learning model of microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis
title_full	A machine learning model of microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis
title_fullStr	A machine learning model of microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis
title_full_unstemmed	A machine learning model of microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis
title_sort	machine learning model of microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/948e64049c6f4dd2802db565923c38d5
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A machine learning model of microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis

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