Ecological and Pharmacological Activities of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) from the Indonesian Marine Sponge <i>Lamellodysidea herbacea</i>
Two known Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs), 3,4,5-tribromo-2-(2′,4′-dibromophenoxy)phenol (<b>1d</b>) and 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-2-(2′,4′-dibromophenoxy)phenol (<b>2b</b>), were isolated from the Indonesian marine sponge <i>Lamellodysidea herbacea</i>. The struc...
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | article |
| Lenguaje: | EN |
| Publicado: |
MDPI AG
2021
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://doaj.org/article/95640022e12a4bea9129ae078163352c |
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| Sumario: | Two known Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs), 3,4,5-tribromo-2-(2′,4′-dibromophenoxy)phenol (<b>1d</b>) and 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-2-(2′,4′-dibromophenoxy)phenol (<b>2b</b>), were isolated from the Indonesian marine sponge <i>Lamellodysidea herbacea</i>. The structure was confirmed using <sup>13</sup>C chemical shift average deviation and was compared to the predicted structures and recorded chemical shifts in previous studies. We found a wide range of bioactivities from the organic crude extract, such as (1) a strong deterrence against the generalist pufferfish <i>Canthigaster solandri</i>, (2) potent inhibition against environmental and human pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains, and (3) the inhibition of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). The addition of a bromine atom into the A-ring of compound <b>2b</b> resulted in higher fish feeding deterrence compared to compound <b>1d</b>. On the contrary, compound <b>2b</b> showed only more potent inhibition against the Gram-negative bacteria <i>Rhodotorula glutinis</i> (MIC 2.1 μg/mL), while compound <b>1d</b> showed more powerful inhibition against the other human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The first report of a chemical defense by compounds <b>1d</b> and <b>2b</b> against fish feeding and environmental relevant bacteria, especially pathogenic bacteria, might be one reason for the widespread occurrence of the shallow water sponge <i>Lamellodysidea herbacea</i> in Indonesia and the Indo-Pacific. |
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