Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia.

Predation is a major selective agent, so that many taxa evolved phenotypically plastic defensive mechanisms. Among them are many species of the microcrustacean genus Daphnia, which respond to an increased predation risk by developing inducible morphological alterations. Some of these features are ob...

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Autores principales:	Martin Horstmann, Ralph Tollrian, Linda C Weiss
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/95803c7d6aa24c049cc47857ed5b5ba1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:95803c7d6aa24c049cc47857ed5b5ba12021-12-02T20:15:35ZThwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0254263https://doaj.org/article/95803c7d6aa24c049cc47857ed5b5ba12021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254263https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Predation is a major selective agent, so that many taxa evolved phenotypically plastic defensive mechanisms. Among them are many species of the microcrustacean genus Daphnia, which respond to an increased predation risk by developing inducible morphological alterations. Some of these features are obvious and easily recognized, e.g., crests in D. longicephala, while others are rather hidden, such as the bulkier shape of D. magna induced by the presence of the tadpole shrimp Triops. In this study we investigated the extraordinary diversity of morphological adaptations in the presence of predators with different foraging strategies in six predator-prey systems. For the first time we were able to analyze the unexposed and predator-exposed morphs comprehensively using three-dimensional scanning and reconstruction. We show that morphological changes are manifold in appearance between species and predators, and go beyond what has been known from previous 2D analyses. This further demonstrates the enormous trait flexibility of Daphnia. Interestingly, we found that among this variety some species share morphological strategies to counter a predator, while others use a different strategy against the same predator. Based on these intra- and interspecific comparisons, we discuss the mechanisms by which the respective defense might operate. These data therefore contribute to a deeper understanding of the inducible defenses' morphology as well as their diversified modes of operation in Daphnia, being a cornerstone for subsequent investigations, including the determination of costs associated with morphological change.Martin HorstmannRalph TollrianLinda C WeissPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 7, p e0254263 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Martin Horstmann Ralph Tollrian Linda C Weiss Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia.
description	Predation is a major selective agent, so that many taxa evolved phenotypically plastic defensive mechanisms. Among them are many species of the microcrustacean genus Daphnia, which respond to an increased predation risk by developing inducible morphological alterations. Some of these features are obvious and easily recognized, e.g., crests in D. longicephala, while others are rather hidden, such as the bulkier shape of D. magna induced by the presence of the tadpole shrimp Triops. In this study we investigated the extraordinary diversity of morphological adaptations in the presence of predators with different foraging strategies in six predator-prey systems. For the first time we were able to analyze the unexposed and predator-exposed morphs comprehensively using three-dimensional scanning and reconstruction. We show that morphological changes are manifold in appearance between species and predators, and go beyond what has been known from previous 2D analyses. This further demonstrates the enormous trait flexibility of Daphnia. Interestingly, we found that among this variety some species share morphological strategies to counter a predator, while others use a different strategy against the same predator. Based on these intra- and interspecific comparisons, we discuss the mechanisms by which the respective defense might operate. These data therefore contribute to a deeper understanding of the inducible defenses' morphology as well as their diversified modes of operation in Daphnia, being a cornerstone for subsequent investigations, including the determination of costs associated with morphological change.
format	article
author	Martin Horstmann Ralph Tollrian Linda C Weiss
author_facet	Martin Horstmann Ralph Tollrian Linda C Weiss
author_sort	Martin Horstmann
title	Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia.
title_short	Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia.
title_full	Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia.
title_fullStr	Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia.
title_full_unstemmed	Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia.
title_sort	thwarting predators? a three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean daphnia.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/95803c7d6aa24c049cc47857ed5b5ba1
work_keys_str_mv	AT martinhorstmann thwartingpredatorsathreedimensionalperspectiveofmorphologicalalterationsinthefreshwatercrustaceandaphnia AT ralphtollrian thwartingpredatorsathreedimensionalperspectiveofmorphologicalalterationsinthefreshwatercrustaceandaphnia AT lindacweiss thwartingpredatorsathreedimensionalperspectiveofmorphologicalalterationsinthefreshwatercrustaceandaphnia
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Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia.

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