Green synthesis of graphene and its cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells

Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Jae Woong Han, Vasuki Eppakayala, Jin-Hoi Kim Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea Background: This paper describes an environmentally friendly (&ldquo;green&rdquo;) approach for the synthesis of soluble graphene using Bac...

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Autores principales:	Gurunathan S, Han JW, Eppakayala V, Kim JH
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2013
Materias:	Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/959d181d0f9c4658a4ffd9b620551fae
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:959d181d0f9c4658a4ffd9b620551fae2021-12-02T01:08:00ZGreen synthesis of graphene and its cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells1176-91141178-2013https://doaj.org/article/959d181d0f9c4658a4ffd9b620551fae2013-03-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/green-synthesis-of-graphene-and-its-cytotoxic-effects-in-human-breast--a12433https://doaj.org/toc/1176-9114https://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Jae Woong Han, Vasuki Eppakayala, Jin-Hoi Kim Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea Background: This paper describes an environmentally friendly (&ldquo;green&rdquo;) approach for the synthesis of soluble graphene using Bacillus marisflavi biomass as a reducing and stabilizing agent under mild conditions in aqueous solution. In addition, the study reported here investigated the cytotoxicity effects of graphene oxide (GO) and bacterially reduced graphene oxide (B-rGO) on the inhibition of cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and membrane integrity in human breast cancer cells. Methods: The reduction of GO was characterized by ultraviolet&ndash;visible spectroscopy. Size distribution was analyzed by dynamic light scattering. Further, X-ray diffraction and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the crystallinity of graphene and the morphologies of prepared graphene, respectively. The formation of defects further supports the bio-functionalization of graphene, as indicated in the Raman spectrum of B-rGO. Surface morphology and the thickness of the GO and B-rGO were analyzed using atomic force microscopy, while the biocompatibility of GO and B-rGO were investigated using WST-8 assays on MCF-7 cells. Finally, cellular toxicity was evaluated by ROS generation and membrane integrity assays. Results: In this study, we demonstrated an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and simple method for the preparation of water-soluble graphene using bacterial biomass. This reduction method avoids the use of toxic reagents such as hydrazine and hydrazine hydrate. The synthesized soluble graphene was confirmed using various analytical techniques. Our results suggest that both GO and B-rGO exhibit toxicity to MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with a dose &gt; 60 &micro;g/mL exhibiting obvious cytotoxicity effects, such as decreasing cell viability, increasing ROS generation, and releasing of lactate dehydrogenase. Conclusion: We developed a green and a simple approach to produce graphene using bacterial biomass as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The proposed approach confers B-rGO with great potential for various biological and biomedical applications. Keywords: Bacillus marisflavi, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, ultraviolet&ndash;visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopyGurunathan SHan JWEppakayala VKim JHDove Medical PressarticleMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol 2013, Iss default, Pp 1015-1027 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Medicine (General) R5-920 Gurunathan S Han JW Eppakayala V Kim JH Green synthesis of graphene and its cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells
description	Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Jae Woong Han, Vasuki Eppakayala, Jin-Hoi Kim Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea Background: This paper describes an environmentally friendly (&ldquo;green&rdquo;) approach for the synthesis of soluble graphene using Bacillus marisflavi biomass as a reducing and stabilizing agent under mild conditions in aqueous solution. In addition, the study reported here investigated the cytotoxicity effects of graphene oxide (GO) and bacterially reduced graphene oxide (B-rGO) on the inhibition of cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and membrane integrity in human breast cancer cells. Methods: The reduction of GO was characterized by ultraviolet&ndash;visible spectroscopy. Size distribution was analyzed by dynamic light scattering. Further, X-ray diffraction and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the crystallinity of graphene and the morphologies of prepared graphene, respectively. The formation of defects further supports the bio-functionalization of graphene, as indicated in the Raman spectrum of B-rGO. Surface morphology and the thickness of the GO and B-rGO were analyzed using atomic force microscopy, while the biocompatibility of GO and B-rGO were investigated using WST-8 assays on MCF-7 cells. Finally, cellular toxicity was evaluated by ROS generation and membrane integrity assays. Results: In this study, we demonstrated an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and simple method for the preparation of water-soluble graphene using bacterial biomass. This reduction method avoids the use of toxic reagents such as hydrazine and hydrazine hydrate. The synthesized soluble graphene was confirmed using various analytical techniques. Our results suggest that both GO and B-rGO exhibit toxicity to MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with a dose &gt; 60 &micro;g/mL exhibiting obvious cytotoxicity effects, such as decreasing cell viability, increasing ROS generation, and releasing of lactate dehydrogenase. Conclusion: We developed a green and a simple approach to produce graphene using bacterial biomass as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The proposed approach confers B-rGO with great potential for various biological and biomedical applications. Keywords: Bacillus marisflavi, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, ultraviolet&ndash;visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy
format	article
author	Gurunathan S Han JW Eppakayala V Kim JH
author_facet	Gurunathan S Han JW Eppakayala V Kim JH
author_sort	Gurunathan S
title	Green synthesis of graphene and its cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells
title_short	Green synthesis of graphene and its cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells
title_full	Green synthesis of graphene and its cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells
title_fullStr	Green synthesis of graphene and its cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells
title_full_unstemmed	Green synthesis of graphene and its cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells
title_sort	green synthesis of graphene and its cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/959d181d0f9c4658a4ffd9b620551fae
work_keys_str_mv	AT gurunathans greensynthesisofgrapheneanditscytotoxiceffectsinhumanbreastcancercells AT hanjw greensynthesisofgrapheneanditscytotoxiceffectsinhumanbreastcancercells AT eppakayalav greensynthesisofgrapheneanditscytotoxiceffectsinhumanbreastcancercells AT kimjh greensynthesisofgrapheneanditscytotoxiceffectsinhumanbreastcancercells
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Green synthesis of graphene and its cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells

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