Determining the Contributions of Vegetation and Climate Change to Ecosystem WUE Variation over the Last Two Decades on the Loess Plateau, China

Exploring the variations in the water use efficiency (WUE) is helpful in gaining an in-depth understanding of the regional carbon and water cycles on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Here, we employed the spatial variations in the WUE and the quantitative contributions of the influencing factors, in...

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Autores principales:	Xiaoge Chang, Zhihui Wang, Fengyuan Wei, Peiqing Xiao, Zhenzhou Shen, Xizhi Lv, Yonglei Shi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Chinese Loess Plateau water use efficiency spatial-temporal variations partial correlation coefficient attribution analysis Plant ecology QK900-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/95e1bac54c4242d4a0dca9b49f6e51ac
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:95e1bac54c4242d4a0dca9b49f6e51ac2021-11-25T17:37:20ZDetermining the Contributions of Vegetation and Climate Change to Ecosystem WUE Variation over the Last Two Decades on the Loess Plateau, China10.3390/f121114421999-4907https://doaj.org/article/95e1bac54c4242d4a0dca9b49f6e51ac2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/11/1442https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4907Exploring the variations in the water use efficiency (WUE) is helpful in gaining an in-depth understanding of the regional carbon and water cycles on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Here, we employed the spatial variations in the WUE and the quantitative contributions of the influencing factors, including the precipitation (P), temperature (Temp), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), sunshine duration (SD), and leaf area index (LAI), with the drought index varying over the last two decades. Results showed that the multiyear average WUE decreased significantly as the drought index increased for all of the vegetation types. Per-pixel interannual variability of WUE trend was 0.024 gC·m<sup>−2</sup>·mm<sup>−1</sup>·year<sup>−1</sup>. As the drought index increased, the WUE initially increased and then decreased for the forests, grassland, and shrubland, and their peaks occurred at drought index values of 2.60–3.10. Among the influencing factors, the WUE was predominantly controlled by the LAI, with an impact and relative contribution of 0.014 gC·m<sup>−2</sup>·mm<sup>−1</sup>·year<sup>−1</sup> and 58.3%, respectively. The P and SD contributed the least to the trend in WUE, and impact and relative contribution of both were 0.001 gC·m<sup>−2</sup>·mm<sup>−1</sup>·year<sup>−1</sup> and 4.17%. Our study also demonstrated that the LAI was the dominant factor affecting the WUE trends for grassland and the Yan River due to the structural parameters and geographical location. In addition, the impact and relative contribution of the residual factors on the WUE trend were 0.004 gC·m<sup>−2</sup>·mm<sup>−1</sup>·year<sup>−1</sup> and 16.7%. Our findings suggested that comprehensive effects such as micro-geomorphic changes and nitrogen deposition could not be ignored except for vegetation and climate change. This study will clarify the spatial and temporal evolution of WUE and its influence mechanism.Xiaoge ChangZhihui WangFengyuan WeiPeiqing XiaoZhenzhou ShenXizhi LvYonglei ShiMDPI AGarticleChinese Loess Plateauwater use efficiencyspatial-temporal variationspartial correlation coefficientattribution analysisPlant ecologyQK900-989ENForests, Vol 12, Iss 1442, p 1442 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Chinese Loess Plateau water use efficiency spatial-temporal variations partial correlation coefficient attribution analysis Plant ecology QK900-989
spellingShingle	Chinese Loess Plateau water use efficiency spatial-temporal variations partial correlation coefficient attribution analysis Plant ecology QK900-989 Xiaoge Chang Zhihui Wang Fengyuan Wei Peiqing Xiao Zhenzhou Shen Xizhi Lv Yonglei Shi Determining the Contributions of Vegetation and Climate Change to Ecosystem WUE Variation over the Last Two Decades on the Loess Plateau, China
description	Exploring the variations in the water use efficiency (WUE) is helpful in gaining an in-depth understanding of the regional carbon and water cycles on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Here, we employed the spatial variations in the WUE and the quantitative contributions of the influencing factors, including the precipitation (P), temperature (Temp), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), sunshine duration (SD), and leaf area index (LAI), with the drought index varying over the last two decades. Results showed that the multiyear average WUE decreased significantly as the drought index increased for all of the vegetation types. Per-pixel interannual variability of WUE trend was 0.024 gC·m<sup>−2</sup>·mm<sup>−1</sup>·year<sup>−1</sup>. As the drought index increased, the WUE initially increased and then decreased for the forests, grassland, and shrubland, and their peaks occurred at drought index values of 2.60–3.10. Among the influencing factors, the WUE was predominantly controlled by the LAI, with an impact and relative contribution of 0.014 gC·m<sup>−2</sup>·mm<sup>−1</sup>·year<sup>−1</sup> and 58.3%, respectively. The P and SD contributed the least to the trend in WUE, and impact and relative contribution of both were 0.001 gC·m<sup>−2</sup>·mm<sup>−1</sup>·year<sup>−1</sup> and 4.17%. Our study also demonstrated that the LAI was the dominant factor affecting the WUE trends for grassland and the Yan River due to the structural parameters and geographical location. In addition, the impact and relative contribution of the residual factors on the WUE trend were 0.004 gC·m<sup>−2</sup>·mm<sup>−1</sup>·year<sup>−1</sup> and 16.7%. Our findings suggested that comprehensive effects such as micro-geomorphic changes and nitrogen deposition could not be ignored except for vegetation and climate change. This study will clarify the spatial and temporal evolution of WUE and its influence mechanism.
format	article
author	Xiaoge Chang Zhihui Wang Fengyuan Wei Peiqing Xiao Zhenzhou Shen Xizhi Lv Yonglei Shi
author_facet	Xiaoge Chang Zhihui Wang Fengyuan Wei Peiqing Xiao Zhenzhou Shen Xizhi Lv Yonglei Shi
author_sort	Xiaoge Chang
title	Determining the Contributions of Vegetation and Climate Change to Ecosystem WUE Variation over the Last Two Decades on the Loess Plateau, China
title_short	Determining the Contributions of Vegetation and Climate Change to Ecosystem WUE Variation over the Last Two Decades on the Loess Plateau, China
title_full	Determining the Contributions of Vegetation and Climate Change to Ecosystem WUE Variation over the Last Two Decades on the Loess Plateau, China
title_fullStr	Determining the Contributions of Vegetation and Climate Change to Ecosystem WUE Variation over the Last Two Decades on the Loess Plateau, China
title_full_unstemmed	Determining the Contributions of Vegetation and Climate Change to Ecosystem WUE Variation over the Last Two Decades on the Loess Plateau, China
title_sort	determining the contributions of vegetation and climate change to ecosystem wue variation over the last two decades on the loess plateau, china
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/95e1bac54c4242d4a0dca9b49f6e51ac
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Determining the Contributions of Vegetation and Climate Change to Ecosystem WUE Variation over the Last Two Decades on the Loess Plateau, China

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