Design of Hybrid Waveguide Structures for High-Efficiency Integrated Optical Superconducting Single Photon Detectors On Ti:LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides

A configuration of integrated optical superconducting single photon detectors on lithium niobate substrates based on conventional titanium in-diffused waveguides with hybrid waveguide structures for enhancing the detector efficiency is proposed and analyzed. The sensing element in the form of a mean...

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Autores principales:	Mikhail Parfenov, Petr Agruzov, Igor Ilichev, Sergey Bozhko, Aleksandr Shamrai
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IEEE 2021
Materias:	Integrated optics optical waveguides optoelectronic and photonic sensors photonics superconducting photodetectors Applied optics. Photonics TA1501-1820 Optics. Light QC350-467
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9623319ec53d4f1ebe8dfc5db0d3ed20
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9623319ec53d4f1ebe8dfc5db0d3ed202021-11-10T00:00:06ZDesign of Hybrid Waveguide Structures for High-Efficiency Integrated Optical Superconducting Single Photon Detectors On Ti:LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides1943-065510.1109/JPHOT.2021.3120930https://doaj.org/article/9623319ec53d4f1ebe8dfc5db0d3ed202021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9580567/https://doaj.org/toc/1943-0655A configuration of integrated optical superconducting single photon detectors on lithium niobate substrates based on conventional titanium in-diffused waveguides with hybrid waveguide structures for enhancing the detector efficiency is proposed and analyzed. The sensing element in the form of a meander-like superconducting nanowire from niobium nitride is covered with an additional hybrid waveguide from a dielectric material with a higher refractive index than the LiNbO<sub>3</sub> substrate to increase the light absorption. A special mode converter in the region free from a superconducting nanostructure is used to excite a localized mode with the maximum absorption coefficient that strongly interacts with the superconductive nanostructure. Silicon and titanium dioxide are considered and compared as suitable materials for the hybrid waveguide structures. Silicon based structures give a higher light concentration and, hence, a higher absorption coefficient. However, they are very demanding to the technological accuracy. Titanium dioxide structures potentially can be produced by the standard thin-film deposition technique and contact photolithography. The estimated absorption coefficient of 1.31 dB/μm is four orders of magnitude higher than that for the detectors with a standard titanium in-diffused waveguide, and a high transformation mode efficiency opens a way for fabrication of integrated optical superconducting single photon detectors with the efficiency comparable with other competing material platforms.Mikhail ParfenovPetr AgruzovIgor IlichevSergey BozhkoAleksandr ShamraiIEEEarticleIntegrated opticsoptical waveguidesoptoelectronic and photonic sensorsphotonicssuperconducting photodetectorsApplied optics. PhotonicsTA1501-1820Optics. LightQC350-467ENIEEE Photonics Journal, Vol 13, Iss 6, Pp 1-7 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Integrated optics optical waveguides optoelectronic and photonic sensors photonics superconducting photodetectors Applied optics. Photonics TA1501-1820 Optics. Light QC350-467
spellingShingle	Integrated optics optical waveguides optoelectronic and photonic sensors photonics superconducting photodetectors Applied optics. Photonics TA1501-1820 Optics. Light QC350-467 Mikhail Parfenov Petr Agruzov Igor Ilichev Sergey Bozhko Aleksandr Shamrai Design of Hybrid Waveguide Structures for High-Efficiency Integrated Optical Superconducting Single Photon Detectors On Ti:LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides
description	A configuration of integrated optical superconducting single photon detectors on lithium niobate substrates based on conventional titanium in-diffused waveguides with hybrid waveguide structures for enhancing the detector efficiency is proposed and analyzed. The sensing element in the form of a meander-like superconducting nanowire from niobium nitride is covered with an additional hybrid waveguide from a dielectric material with a higher refractive index than the LiNbO<sub>3</sub> substrate to increase the light absorption. A special mode converter in the region free from a superconducting nanostructure is used to excite a localized mode with the maximum absorption coefficient that strongly interacts with the superconductive nanostructure. Silicon and titanium dioxide are considered and compared as suitable materials for the hybrid waveguide structures. Silicon based structures give a higher light concentration and, hence, a higher absorption coefficient. However, they are very demanding to the technological accuracy. Titanium dioxide structures potentially can be produced by the standard thin-film deposition technique and contact photolithography. The estimated absorption coefficient of 1.31 dB/μm is four orders of magnitude higher than that for the detectors with a standard titanium in-diffused waveguide, and a high transformation mode efficiency opens a way for fabrication of integrated optical superconducting single photon detectors with the efficiency comparable with other competing material platforms.
format	article
author	Mikhail Parfenov Petr Agruzov Igor Ilichev Sergey Bozhko Aleksandr Shamrai
author_facet	Mikhail Parfenov Petr Agruzov Igor Ilichev Sergey Bozhko Aleksandr Shamrai
author_sort	Mikhail Parfenov
title	Design of Hybrid Waveguide Structures for High-Efficiency Integrated Optical Superconducting Single Photon Detectors On Ti:LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides
title_short	Design of Hybrid Waveguide Structures for High-Efficiency Integrated Optical Superconducting Single Photon Detectors On Ti:LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides
title_full	Design of Hybrid Waveguide Structures for High-Efficiency Integrated Optical Superconducting Single Photon Detectors On Ti:LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides
title_fullStr	Design of Hybrid Waveguide Structures for High-Efficiency Integrated Optical Superconducting Single Photon Detectors On Ti:LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides
title_full_unstemmed	Design of Hybrid Waveguide Structures for High-Efficiency Integrated Optical Superconducting Single Photon Detectors On Ti:LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides
title_sort	design of hybrid waveguide structures for high-efficiency integrated optical superconducting single photon detectors on ti:linbo<sub>3</sub> waveguides
publisher	IEEE
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9623319ec53d4f1ebe8dfc5db0d3ed20
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Design of Hybrid Waveguide Structures for High-Efficiency Integrated Optical Superconducting Single Photon Detectors On Ti:LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides

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